Protocol de comunicació CAN

Aquest projecte està dividit en 3 parts. En la primera part s’explica una introducció del bus CAN: la historia del protocol, quan va ser publicat i per quin motiu; seguit dels objectius d’aquest projecte. En la segona part s’explica el protocol que implementa el bus CAN. Es començarà amb una breu descripció del bus i de les característiques més importants. A continuació s’explica el protocol més detalladament, començant amb la capa de més baix nivell fins a la capa d’enllaç de dades. En la tercera part s’explica el l’aplicació que s’ha desenvolupat i com s’ha implementat el bus CAN. Finalment es parlarà de les conclusions que s’ha arribat i les possibles línies futures per a darrers projectes

Are men benefiting from the new economy : male economic marginalization in Argentina, Brazil, and Costa Rica

The economies of Latin America have undergone extensive reforms, raising concerns about how these changes have affected the labor market. But there is also increasing concern that the reforms may have deeper social ramifications as the new economies strain the ability of certain groups of men to work and to earn good wages, fulfilling their traditional role as providers. Using household surveys broadly covering the period 1988-97 in urban areas of Argentina, Brazil, and Costa Rica, Arias examines the patterns of unemployment and real wage growth for distinct groups of male workers to see whether there is evidence of a deterioration in men's ability to be economically self-sufficient. He finds no general trend of male economic marginalization. The incidence and duration of unemployment have increased the most for the typically vulnerable group-young, less educated, informal sector workers-but the increased duration of unemployment hasalso affected older and more educated men. With respect to wages, density and quantile regression analysis indicates that the usual stories of wage marginalization of vulnerable workers can hardly explain the observed variety of wage growth patterns in the three countries. The positive wage performance has been concentrated mainly in the higher quantiles of the conditional wage distribution. This suggests that differences in unobservable worker characteristics, such as industriousness, labor market connections, and quality of schooling, have been key determinants of the ability of male workers in the region to adapt to economic restructuring. These results suggest that assistance should be targeted to some groups so that frustrations in asserting an economic identity do not lead to aggressive behavior. But they also show that we must look elsewhere for the roots of the increase in socially dysfunctional behavior.Labor Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Banks&Banking Reform,Public Health Promotion,Environmental Economics&Policies,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Youth and Governance,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Theory&Research

Individual Heterogeneity in the Returns to Schooling: Instrumental Variables Quantile Regression using Twins Data

Considerable effort has been exercised recently in estimating mean returns to education while carefully considering biases arising from unmeasured ability and measurement error. Some of this work has also attempted to determine whether there are variations from the “mean” return to education across the population with mixed results. In this paper, we use recent extensions of instrumental variables techniques to quantile regression on a sample of twins to estimate an entire family of returns to education at different quantiles of the conditional distribution of wages while addressing simultaneity and measurement error biases. We test whether there is individual heterogeneity in returns to education against the alternative that there is a constant return for all workers. Our estimated model provides evidence of two sources of heterogeneity in returns to schooling. First, there is evidence of a differential effect by which more able individuals become better educated because they face lower marginal costs of schooling. Second, once this endogeneity bias is accounted for, our results provide evidence of the existence of actual heterogeneity in market returns to education consistent with a non-trivial interaction between schooling and unobserved abilities in the generation of earnings. The evidence suggests that higher ability individuals (those further to the right in the conditional distribution of wages) have higher returns to schooling but that returns vary significantly only along the lower quantiles to middle quantiles. In our final approach, the resulting estimated returns are never lower than 9 percent and can be as high as 13 percent at the top of the conditional distribution of wages, thus providing rather tight bounds on the true return to schooling. Our findings have meaningful implications for the design of educational policies.

Ressenyes

Index de les obres ressenyades: Ángel PRIOR OLMOS, Voluntad y responsabilidad en Hannah Arend

Sources of income persistence: evidence from rural El Salvador

Este trabajo utiliza una base de datos longitudinales única sobre zonas rurales en El Salvador (1995-2001) para investigar las fuentes principales de la persistencia y variabilidad del ingreso. Primero, proponemos un marco econométrico donde un modelo dinámico de paneles se simplifica a una estructura lineal con covarianza dinámica, lo cual aumenta la cantidad de grados de libertad usualmente perdidos en la construcción de instrumentos para estimar modelos dinámicos estándar. Segundo, investigamos el grado hasta donde las dotaciones (observadas y no observadas) determinan la persistencia de la pobreza, analizando si se debe a poca capacidad de generar ingreso o shocks continuos que no pueden suavizar. Encontramos que los ingresos de ciclo de vida están principalmente explicados por características productivas que no varían en el tiempo como: educación, bienes públicos y otros activos. Los determinantes observables explican la mitad de la persistencia del ingreso. Al controlar por heterogeneidad no observable deja poco lugar para pure state dependence. Aunque de segundo orden, la alta volatilidad y la inhabilidad de asegurarse en contra de riesgos parece ser una fuente importante de variación en los ingresos que en países desarrollados. La poca capacidad de generar ingreso es la fuente más probable de trampas de pobreza en áreas rurales salvadoreñas. Muchas de las dotaciones familiares son manipulables por intervenciones de política, aunque no en el corto plazo.This paper uses a unique panel dataset (1995-2001) of rural El Salvador to investigate the main sources of the persistence and variability of incomes. First we propose an econometric framework where a general dynamic panel model is validly reduced to a simple linear structure with a dynamic covariance structure, which augments considerably the number of degrees of freedom usually lost in the construction of instruments to estimate standard dynamic panel models. Then we investigate the extent to which families are continuously poor due to endowments (observed and unobserved) that yield low income potential or due to systematic income shocks that they are unable to smooth. We find that life-cycle incomes are largely explained by the relatively time-invariant productive characteristics of families and their members such as education, public goods and other assets. Observed income determinants account for about half of income persistence. Controlling for unobserved heterogeneity leaves little room for pure state dependence. Although of second order, high volatility and the inability to insure from shocks is a more important source of variation in incomes than in developed countries. Low income potential is the more likely source of poverty traps in Rural El Salvador. Many of the family endowments are manipulable by policy interventions, although many not in the short term.Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales (CEDLAS

Complicaciones Materno Fetales en pacientes con Ruptura Prematura de membrana mayor de 12 horas con embarazos de 28– 36 6/7 Semanas de Gestación que dan a luz en el Hospital Bertha Calderón Roque en el tercer trimestre del 2015

Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, de tipo descriptivo y corte longitudinal en pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales de Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera “La Mascota” que fueron sometidos a ventilación mecánica en el período del 1 de Enero al 31 de Diciembre de 2016. Se plantearon como objetivos el determinar cuál era el comportamiento clínico de los recién nacidos sometidos a ventilación mecánica, determinar las características generales de la población, identificar los factores relacionados a la ventilación mecánica y conocer cuáles eran las complicaciones asociadas a la ventilación más frecuentes que se presentaron. Entre los resultados encontramos que la mayoría de los pacientes eran de sexo masculino, el inicio de ventilación mecánica se estableció en el 61% de los casos en las primeras 72 horas de vida extrauterina, con un predominio de pacientes con edad gestacional a término y adecuado peso al nacer, entre las patologías de ingresos las de orden quirúrgico representaron el 52.6% de los casos siendo las tres principales: malformaciones de la pared abdominal, atresias gastrointestinales y malformaciones del sistema nervioso, mientras que las principales complicaciones que se presentaron fueron: broncoespasmo (24.9%), atelectasia (24.9%) y tubo selectivo (10.2%) y se determinó una mortalidad del 49.5

Individual heterogeneity in the returns to schooling: instrumental variables quantile regression using twins data

Considerable effort has been exercised recently in estimating mean returns to education while carefully considering biases arising from unmeasured ability and measurement error. Some of this work has also attempted to determine whether there are variations from the "mean" return to education across the population with mixed results. In this paper, we use recent extensions of instrumental variables techniques to quantile regression on a sample of twins to estimate an entire family of returns to education at different quantiles of the conditional distribution of wages while addressing simultaneity and measurement error biases. We test whether there is individual heterogeneity in returns to education against the alternative that there is a constant return for all workers. Our estimated model provides evidence of two sources of heterogeneity in returns to schooling. First, there is evidence of a differential effect by which more able individuals become better educated because they face lower marginal costs of schooling. Second, once this endogeneity bias is accounted for, our results provide evidence of the existence of actual heterogeneity in market returns to education consistent with a non-trivial interaction between schooling and unobserved abilities in the generation of earnings. The evidence suggests that higher ability individuals (those further to the right in the conditional distribution of wages) have higher returns to schooling but that returns vary significantly only along the lower quantiles to middle quantiles. In our final approach, the resulting estimated returns are never lower than 9 percent and can be as high as 13 percent at the top of the conditional distribution of wages, thus providing rather tight bounds on the true return to schooling. Our findings have meaningful implications for the design of educational policies.Departamento de Economí

Caryophyllales 2015 in Berlin and the Global Caryophyllales Initiative

Fil: Arias, Salvador. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Berendsohn, Walter G.. Freie Universität Berlin; AlemaniaFil: Borsch, Thomas. Freie Universität Berlin; AlemaniaFil: Flores Olvera, Hilda. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Ochoterena, Helga. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: von Mering, Sabine. Freie Universität Berlin; AlemaniaFil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin

El comercio exterior vitivinícola en España, análisis por Comunidades Autónomas (2010-2014) = Foreign wine trade in Spain, analysis by autonomous communities (2010-2014)

En este trabajo se realiza un análisis del comercio exterior vitivinícola en España, por comunidades autónomas, durante el periodo comprendido entre 2010 y 2014. España es uno de los países líderes de este sector, a nivel de producción, superficie dedicada al viñedo, consumo y también en términos de exportación. En primer lugar, se detalla la delimitación arancelaria del sector vitivinícola en términos de comercio exterior de acuerdo a la nomenclatura del Sistema Armonizado, así como las fuentes de información utilizadas para recopilar los datos concretos de los flujos de exportación e importación relativos al periodo de estudio. En segundo lugar, se ha realizado una síntesis del sector del vino español, ahondando en su historia, su distribución y consumo, la superficie de viñedo, las denominaciones de origen y otras garantías, la estructura empresarial y la legislación que actualmente regula el sector. Posteriormente para abordar este estudio, se ha optado por calcular diferentes ratios e índices, a partir de los datos extraídos anteriormente de las fuentes de información, que permiten obtener una serie de coeficientes que se pueden medir y comparar. Estos índices buscan hacer una análisis global y de la competitividad estructural, así como analizar la especialización, la concentración, las ventajas comparativas y el comercio intra-industrial del sector del vino para cada una de las Comunidades Autónomas. Finalmente, se cierra el trabajo con las conclusiones extraídas de la realización del mismo