KOMUNIKASI INSTRUKSIONAL PADA PROGRAM KESETARAAN PAKET C

Students in the high school equivalency program have their own uniqueness including: age, marital status, and socioeconomic status. They have experienced dropout and have not carried out learning activities for a long time. During the COVID 19 pandemic, most of the learning process takes place online, which is not easy for them. The research entitled "Instructional Communication in the High School Equivalency Program" intends to find out how the instructional communication model between tutors and students of the high school equivalency program in PKBM Patrakomala Bandung. The purpose was to analyze the interaction between tutors and students, the application of learning methods, the use of media, and the obstacles faced in the instructional communication process. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. This study also uses constructivism theory from Jesse Delia. The results show that offline interactions are transactional, while online interactions are interactional. The learning methods used are: independent learning methods, assignments, lectures, and questions and answers. Tutors have full authority to determine the learning method to be used. The media used are seTARA Daring and WhatsApp groups. The obstacles encountered come from personal and situational variables of the students

Effectivity comparison between three different enamel remineralizing agent postfix orthodontic treatment

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of topical fluoride application, a toothpaste containing synthetic hydroxyapatite with one containing calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS) in remineralizing enamel after the debonding process. The study constituted experimental laboratory research incorporating posttest-only control group design. A metal bracket was placed on the buccal surface of 40 premolar teeth and immersed in artificial saliva. After 1 month, the bracket was debonded. The teeth were then randomly divided into four groups, namely (n = 6) the control group (C), the 1st treatment group (T1), the 2nd treatment group (T2), and the 3rd treatment group (T3). There was no treatment of C group. For the T1 group, topical application of fluoride was conducted. For the T2 group, toothpaste containing synthetic hydroxyapatite was applied by brushing the teeth twice a day. The same treatment was administered to the T3 group, but using a different toothpaste containing CSPS. After a treatment of 14 days, the T1, T2, and T3 groups were prepared before being observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM data were examined visually and scored using an enamel surface index (ESI), an enamel damage index (EDI), and an enamel remineralization index. The data obtained were analyzed by means of Kruskal?Wallis and Mann?Whitney tests. The statistical significance value was P< 0.05. A review of the ESI and IRE scores showed that, compared to the C group, all treatment groups recorded a significantly lower score, with T2 registering the lowest. With regard to the EDI scores, only the T1 group showed no significant difference to the C group. Sensitive toothpaste containing synthetic hydroxyapatite and CSSP proved to be more effective in forming the remineralization layer on tooth surfaces compared to topical fluoride application

Effect of Different White-spot Lesion Treatment on Orthodontic Shear Strength and Enamel Morphology: In Vitro Study

Aim: White-spot lesion treatment is required before fixed appliance insertion as caries prevalence increases during orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of fluoride varnish, casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) varnish, and resin infiltration as white-spot lesion treatments on orthodontic shear strength and enamel morphology. Materials and Methods: This is an observational analysis study with posttest-only control group design and blind total sampling methods. Sixty bovine mandible incisors were cleaned and divided into five groups (n = 12). No treatment was applied on Group 1 (control), whereas the four other groups were immersed in demineralization solution for 96 h before being stored in artificial saliva (Group 2), treated with fluoride varnish (Group 3), CPP-ACPF varnish (Group 4), and resin infiltration (Group 5). After bracket bonding with resin-modified glass ionomer on all samples, shear bond strength was evaluated. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) was observed by using a digital photo. Enamel morphology was evaluated using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before bracket bonding and after polishing. The Kruskal–Wallis test (P > 0.05) followed by Mann–Whitney U test was carried out (P < 0.05). Results: The shear strength in Groups 2 and 5 was slightly increased as compared with control group (P > 0.05), whereas it was significantly decreased in Groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). The ARI score was found to be highest after treatment with resin infiltration. Conclusion: Pretreatment with resin infiltration is recommended to be performed before bracket bonding on white-spot lesion; however, it may need to be reapplied after debonding and polishing to conceal enamel morphology damage formed after polishin

Comparison of Tungsten Carbide and Arkansas Stone For Adhesive Removal On Enamel Surface After Debonding Procedure

Background: Debonding aims to remove orthodontic Appliances from the patient's teeth and cleanse all residual adhesive material on the surface of the tooth to restore surface conditions such as before orthodontic treatment. Damage may occur after debonding process. Removal of the remaining adhesive material has a major effect on the enamel surface conditions, the researcher wants to know the effect of cleaning adhesive material using Tungsten carbide 12 flute burs, Arkansas stone bur on the enamel surface Purpose: To determine the effect of cleaning the remaining adhesive material using Tungsten carbide 12 flute burs and Arkansas stone bur Against the Surface of the Enamel. Method: This study was experimental laboratory (in vitro study) with 4 groups division, first control group was tooth before bracket was installed, group 2 was done debonding without cleaning of residual adhesive, group 3 was done adhesive cleansing with Arkansas stone and group 4 was done adhesive cleaning with tungsten carbide 12-flutted Result: Showing that the use of 12-flutted tungsten carbide was able to clean enamel surfaces with the most delicate results and did not cause cracks or cracks on enamel surface Conclusions: The best method to clean the remaining adhesive is using 12-flutted tungsten carbide bur using contra angle high speed and with adequate water flow and sprays to prevent increasing of temperature that damage dental pu

Variation of Non-syndromic Cleft Lip/Palate in Yayasan Surabaya Cleft Lip/Palate Center Surabaya, Indonesia

Objectives: Congenital anomalies are the biggest cause of prenatal, perinatal, or infant mortality and morbidity. A total of 15% of congenital abnormalities involve the craniofacial and oral segment. Orofacial cleft (OC) is one of the most common examples of congenital abnormalities. One example of OC is cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). The occurrence of the incident varies depending on geographical location, ethnicity, race, environmental exposure, and socioeconomic status of the patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the variation of non‑syndromic CL/P (nsCL/P) in Yayasan Surabaya CLP Center, East Java, Indonesia, as well as the number of occurrences of clefts in each gender. Materials and Methods: An analytical observational study with cross‑sectional and blind total sampling method was presented. Data obtained from Yayasan Surabaya CLP Center were grouped by type and classified by the LAHSHAL classification system. The numbers were calculated and then divided into occurrence per gender and per family history. A descriptive analysis was applied and then presented in table form. Results: The number of patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP), cleft lip (CL), and cleft palate (CP) were 163, 57, and 16, respectively. The more detailed type: ...SHAL, .....AL, and ..HSH.., had the highest number of cases, which were 79, 28, and 10, respectively. Conclusion: Most types of CL/P at Yayasan Surabaya CLP Center were CLP, followed by CL and finally CP. The incidence of CLP and CL was more common in men, whereas CP was more common in women

A Comparison of Antibacterial Inhibitory Effect on Streptococcus mutans and Tensile Strength between chitosan‑Based Bonding Adhesives and Commercial Products

Background: Adhesive bonding is the material used to attach a bracket to the enamel surface of the tooth. Streptococcus mutans contributes to enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment. Objectives: To analyze the antimicrobial inhibitory effect of Streptococcus mutans bacteria and tensile strength of chitosan and CaCO3‑based adhesive bonding material. Materials and Methods: The investigation constituted laboratory experimental research featuring analytical observation and a random sampling method. The antibacterial inhibitory effect of chitosan and CaCO3‑based adhesive bonding against Streptococcus mutans involved six groups: two control groups using commercial light cure and self‑cure adhesive bonding products and four groups using adhesive bonding consisting of 75% CaCO3 + 17.6% Bis‑GMA + 22.4% MMA with various percentages of chitosan composition (A1: 25%, A2: 50%, A3: 75%, and A4: 100%) each group consisting of two samples (n = 12). A diametric test was conducted consisting of three samples (n = 15) to measure the tensile strength of each group. Data were analyzed by a combination of one‑way analysis of variance and least significant difference tests. Result: The antibacterial inhibitory effect showed significant differences between groups (A1: 2.9467 ± 0.4163, A2: 3.6500 ± 0.6245, A3: 5.1267 ± 0.2517, A4: 4.7267 ± 0.9238; P = 0.0000; P < 0.05). A diametric tensile strength test confirmed significant differences between groups (A1: 7.2733 ± 5.0046, A2: 6.7667 ± 4.4346, A3: 6.4533 ± 2.9994, A4: 1.0058 ± 1.0058, K1: 15.6167 ± 3.1250; P = 0.009; P < 0.05). Conclusion: Chitosan‑based adhesive bonding with good tensile strength has an antibacterial inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans

Orthodontic Study Model Discrepancy Analysis on Mixed Dentition: A Narrative Review

Background: Attention in the form of dental treatment should be given to the phase of children’s teeth that are still in the growth and development stage. The analysis of mixed dentition phase arch is an important criterion in determining the orthodontic treatment plan. Ideally, there is sufficient space so that unerupted teeth can erupt into the oral cavity and not cause crowding of teeth. Several analyzes are needed to confirm the orthodontic diagnosis, one of which is the analysis of the study model. The most widely used alternating mixed dentition analysis is the analysis of the Moyers prediction table and the analysis of the Tanaka-Johnston equation. Both analyzes came from populations of Northern European ancestry but proved unapplicable to populations of various races. Purpose: The purpose of this study aims to determine whether the analysis of the Moyers prediction table and the analysis of the Tanaka-Johnston equation is an accurate analysis if used in several populations through narrative review. Review: Based on the results of the research that has been done, certain populations showed higher prediction results than the actual value. Conclusion: The analysis of the Moyers prediction table and the Tanaka-Johnston equation is not suitable if applied to certain populations, because the results differ from the actual value with the predicted value

Thermoset and Thermoplastic Elastomeric Chain Comparative Strength: An In Vitro Study

Aim: Technology in the field of orthodontic has experienced many developments in the last two decades. The ultimate goal of orthodontic treatment is to provide continuous light pressure to get orthodontic tooth movement with minimum side effects. Elastomeric chains are commonly used materials for moving teeth and closing space. The strength of elastomeric chain results in a tendency for better elastomer selection. Some factories make elastomeric chains with thermoplastic and thermoset materials with thermoset material claims having strength resistance for longer periods of time. The aim of the study was to compare the degradation strength between thermoplastic and thermoset elastomeric chain. Materials and Methods: This was a true-experimental laboratory study (in vitro study). The sample comprised open-type elastomeric chains (power chain) with clear transparent color thermoplastic material, which include original power chain, plastic chain and thermoset material generation II, and memory chain. The samples were divided into four groups (n = 5): 24 h, 7, 14, and 21 days. Independent samples t tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed to analyze the data. Results: There was significant dissimilarity between thermoplastic and thermoset elastomeric chain material in strength.Thermoplastic elastomeric chains decreased by 60.84%–65.51% and thermoset elastomeric chain reached 36.28%–58.80% within 21 days in artificial saliva solution. Conclusion: There was dissimilarity between the Chermoplastic and thermoset elastomeric chain materials in force decay due to excessive early withdrawal forces in the elastomeric chains of thermoplastic materials with a more rigid material than the thermoset elastomeric chains of the thermoset material

The Importance of the Occlusal Plane in Predicting Better Facial Soft Tissue in Class II Malocclusion inEthnic Javanese

Objectives Class II malocclusion is largely due to a retrognathic mandible. Mandibular rotation is closely related to changes in the occlusal plane during growth. The problems in the occlusal plane could cause disadvantages in the soft tissue profile in Class II malocclusion, presenting treatment challenges for an orthodontist. This study aimed to investigate the importance of the occlusal plane for a better soft tissue profile in Class II malocclusion for Javanese patients. Materials and Methods The total number of cephalogram softcopies of patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion were selected based on ANB values (> 4 degrees), no agenesis teeth except the third molar, and all permanent teeth. The cephalograms were calculated using digital tracing by Morpheus 3D imaging. The points and areas to be analyzed on the cephalogram were predetermined. The examination was performed in a span of 1month and performed via a statistical test using Pearson’s test and multiple regression analysis (p < 0.05). Results There were significant correlation values between the angles produced by the occlusal plane to sella national, Frankfurt horizontal, mandibular plane, and Z-angle (p < 0.05). Conclusion Patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion have a significant correlation between the occlusal plane and the vertical plane, thereby affecting the shape of the soft tissue profile, which causes a facial imbalance. By improving mandibular movement, the soft tissue Profile can also be correcte

Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Provision on Fibroblast Growth Factor-2, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression, Osteoclast and Osteoblast Numbers during Experimental Tooth Movement in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Objectives To investigate the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) provision on matrix etalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression, osteoclast and osteoblast numbers during experimental orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Materials and Methods Forty-eight healthy male Wistar rats (R. norvegicus), 16 to 20 weeks old with 200 to 250 g body weight (bw) were divided into several groups as follows: K1: OTM for 3 days; K2: OTM for 7 days; K3: OTM for 14 days; KP1: OTM and CAPE for 3 days; KP2: OTM and CAPE for 7 days; and KP3: OTM and CAPE for 14 days. A nickel titanium closed coil spring 8.0 mm long with 10 g/mm2 was installed between the upper left first molar and upper central incisor to move molar mesially. CAPE provision with a dose of 20 mg/kg bw of animal studies was done per orally. Immunohistochemistry was done to examine MMP-9 expression and osteoclast number in compression side as well as FGF-2 expression and osteoblast number in tensile side of the OTM. Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance test and Tukey’s honest significant difference test were performed to determine the difference between the groups (p < 0.05). Results MMP-9 expression and osteoclast numbers in the compression side were significantly different between the groups. Similarly, FGF-2 expression and osteoclast numbers in the tensile side were significantly different between the groups. Conclusions CAPE provision during OTM increases the number of osteoblasts and the FGF-2 expression significantly in the tensile side. Osteoclast numbers and MMP-9 expression significantly decrease in the compression side