Violence against pregnant women with disabilities

Background Each year, violence is perpetrated against 1.5 million US women, of whom 324,000 are pregnant. Violence in pregnancy has adverse effects on maternal and infant health. Although there are 4.7 million childbearing age women with disabilities, and their pregnancy rates are growing, there is very little information about violence against pregnant women with disabilities. Objectives The study questions are: Are there differences in pre- and in-pregnancy violence experiences of women with and without disabilities? Is disability a significant predictor of pre- and in-pregnancy violence against women? Methods The study uses data from the 2009 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The study conducts χ 2 -tests and multivariate analyses of violence experiences. Results Pregnant women with disabilities experience more violence than those without. Disability is a significant violence predictor. The number and types of stress sources significantly affect the likelihood of violence. Poor health behaviors also contribute to the likelihood of violence. Conclusion There is a need to reduce violence against pregnant women particularly those with disabilities. Effective interventions require information about causality which can be established through analysis of primary data. Future studies should collect and analyze household level data. Care providers can contribute information by monitoring, recording, and reporting stress types, levels, and violence especially among pregnant women with disabilities

A comparative analysis of pregnancy outcomes for women with and without disabilities

In 2010 in the US, there were 4.7 million childbearing age (15-44 years) women with disabilities (WWD) defined as, being limited in any way in any activities because of physical, mental, or emotional problems. Although their proportion and pregnancy rates are growing, there is little empirical evidence about their health, healthcare needs, pregnancy experiences and outcomes. We examined differences and predictors of pregnancy outcomes for women with and without disabilities. We used 2009 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data from 15,585 Massachusetts and Rhode Island women. We conducted χ2- and t –tests of pregnancy outcome differences for WWD and those without. Applying an economics’ health production framework, we conducted multivariate and partial correlation analysis to determine disability significance in predicting pregnancy outcomes. We found no significant differences in delivery types, the mother’s hospital stay or the likelihood of birth defects. However, relative to infants born to women without disabilities, those born to WWD had higher likelihoods of preterm birth, mortality, need for intensive care, low gestational age, and low birth weights. Health behavior, health capital stock and access to prenatal care were strong pregnancy outcome predictors, but disability was not. Therefore, having a disability is not a guarantee against positive pregnancy outcomes. Improved health behavior, health capital stock and access to prenatal care can improve pregnancy outcomes for WWD. A better understanding of interactions between disability and pregnancy, and between disability and other pregnancy outcome predictors could aid the identification of effective methods for improving outcomes for WWD

Adiabatic quantum pumping in an Aharonov-Bohm loop and in a Si-like nanowire: Role of interference in real space and in momentum space

We study the consequences of interference effects on the current generated by adiabatic quantum pumping in two distinct one-dimensional (1D) lattice model. The first model contains an Aharonov-Bohm (AB) loop within a tight-binding chain of lattice sites. The static AB phase is shown to strongly affect interference between the two arms of the loop, serving as an on-off switch and regulator for the pumped current. The second model simulates pumping in semiconductors with indirect band-gaps, by utilizing a tight-binding chain with next-nearest-neighbor coupling. The model exhibits signatures of interference between degenerate conduction band states with different Fermi wavevectors.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Jaynes Cummings treatment of superconducting resonators with dielectric loss due to two-level systems

We perform a quantum mechanical analysis of superconducting resonators subject to dielectric loss arising from charged two-level systems. We present numerical and analytical descriptions of the dynamics of energy decay from the resonator within the Jaynes-Cummings model. Our analysis allows us to distinguish the strong and weak coupling regimes of the model and to describe within each regime cases where the two-level system is unsaturated or saturated. We find that the quantum theory agrees with the classical model for weak coupling. However, for strong coupling the quantum theory predicts lower loss than the classical theory in the unsaturated regime. Also, in contrast to the classical theory, the photon number at which saturation occurs in the strong coupling quantum theory is independent of the coupling between the resonator and the two-level system.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure

A Review of the Travel Behavior Analysis: Its Basis and Application for Developing Cities

Travel, most often viewed in theory as derived from the demand for activity participation, has almost always been modeled on the trip-based basis, i.e., the trip is treated as the unit of analysis. Attributes of a trip (e.g., its origin and destination, mode, length) have been the subjects of analysis, but not the types of activities engaged in, their durations, sequences, and timing. This paper offers a brief review of the travel behavior analysis in order to provide a better understanding and forecasting of travel behavior. The article further offers discussions on its possible applications in urban areas of developing countries where historical accumulations of transportation and communications technologies are being introduced within a short span of time, creating the environment for travel which may not be properly accounted for using the conventional trip-based models of travel demand. In addition, the dataset from Malaysia was employed as a case of study

Analisis Pengaruh Faktor Ekonomi dan Religiusitas terhadap Persepsi Supervisor dan Manajer Mengenai Independensi Dewan Pengawas Syari'ah (Studi Kasus pada Bank Syari'ah di Indonesia)

The objectives of this study are to tests the effects of economics factor (financial association and relationship of business and “fee” dimention) and Religious factor (charitable dimention) to Shari'a Supervisory Board (SSB) independency to prove empirically research done by Karim (1990). The primary data of this received from perception of shari'a banking managers and supervisors in Indonesia. The data were collected by using questionnaires sent to managers and supervisors. Questionnaires were distributed to 385 shari'a banking managers and supervisors and the response rate is 10, 65%. The data were analyzed by using multiple regression metode. The result of this research indicated that religious factor has positive and significant relationship with SBB independency. It also indicate that financial association and relationship of business has negative relationship and “fee” has positive relationship with SBB but both of them are not significant. This research finding in line with research of Karim (1990)