AIC and BIC for cosmological interacting scenarios

In this work we study linear and non-linear cosmological interactions, which depend on dark matter and dark energy densities in the framework of General Relativity. By using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) with data from SnIa (Union 2.1 and binned JLA), H(z), BAO and CMB we compare the interacting models among themselves and analyze whether more complex interacting models are favored by these criteria. In this context, we find some suitable interactions that alleviate the coincidence problem.Comment: 24 pages, 4 figures, minor changes, file replaced to match published version to appear in EPJ

On sign-changeable interaction in FLRW cosmology

We investigate an interacting two-fluid model in a spatially flat Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) Universe, when the energy transfer between these two dark components is produced by a factorisable nonlinear sign-changeable interaction depending linearly on the energy density and quadratically on the deceleration parameter. We solve the source equation and obtain the effective energy densities of the dark sector and their components. We show that the effective equation of state of the dark sector includes some of the several kind of Chaplygin gas equations of state as well as a generalization of the polytropic equation of state. We use bayesian statistics methods to constrain free parameters in the models during its most recent evolution considering supernovae type Ia and measurements of the Hubble expansion rate. The resulting constraints provide new information on sign-changeable interactions, its equivalences and compatibility with previous models and novel late time universe dynamics.Comment: 8 figure

Dynamics and statefinder analysis of a class of sign-changeable interacting dark energy scenarios

We revise the dynamical properties of a class of cosmological models where the dark sector interacts through an interacting term that changes sign during evolution. In particular, we obtain the critical points and we investigate the existence and stability conditions for cosmological solutions, describing radiation, matter and dark energy dominated eras. We find that all the studied models admit a stable critical point corresponding to an accelerated phase. We use background data to find the best fit parameters for one of the studied models, resulting an interacting parameter with a definite sign within $1\sigma$ confidence level, consistent with the results of the dynamical system analysis. We also compute the statefinder parameters and plot the $r-q$ and $r-s$ planes, where we observe different trajectories when we vary the interaction parameter for a specific model and when we vary the interacting scenario. We can in this sense distinguish among models, including $\Lambda$CDM.Comment: 20 pages, 16 figures, 9 table

Contabilidad de Costos

Costo, en un amplio sentido financiero, es toda erogación o desembolso de dinero (o su equivalente) para obtener algún bien o servicio. El desembolso económico puede corresponder a un Costo o específicamente a un Gasto. Serán Costos los desembolsos causados en el proceso de fabricación o por la prestación de un servicio: sueldos y salarios del personal de la planta de producción, materias primas, servicios públicos relacionados con el proceso productivo, etc. Serán Gastos los desembolsos causados o generados por la Administración General de la Empresa: sueldos del personal administrativo, arrendamiento oficina, gastos de capacitación, etc. Los costos son siempre de producción y los gastos son siempre de administración. Los costos son recuperables y los gastos no lo son. Ejemplo: Cuando fabricamos un producto, los elementos que lo componen corresponderán al costo de producción. Al venderlo adicionaremos una suma que llamaremos en principio 'ganancia'. De este modo el precio de venta estará compuesto por el costo más la 'ganancia'. Ello nos indica que al momento de recibir la suma por la venta el valor del costo retorna a la empresa. Por otra parte, cuando desembolsamos un dinero, para por ejemplo: pagar un servicio público del área administrativa; este valor ya no podrá ser recuperado, es decir es un gasto. (INTRODUCCIÓN)Trabajo de suficiencia profesiona

'Claim - Support - Question' Routine to Foster Coherence Within Interactive Oral Communication Among EFL Students

This article reports on the results of an action research study that aimed to determine the effect of a thinking routine in the development of coherence in speaking interactions. The study was carried out with two groups of second year business students in an English as a foreign language program at a university in southern Chile. A mixed methods approach was used to collect data before and after the intervention through questionnaires and pre- and post-tests. The findings suggest that the impact of the application of the routine was significant in promoting the speaking competence, especially in developing coherence within interactive communication