The Right to Education for European Union Migrants - A Study of the Right to Education in the Host State for Children Who Exercise Their Freedom of Movement for a Maximum of Three Months

The right to primary education has been subject to regulation in both international human rights law and EU law. However, the right to education in the host state for EU migrants who lawfully exercise their freedom of movement, for a maximum of three months, is unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether such a right exists in this particular circumstance. EU legislation explicitly provides a right to education for children of workers but for other categories, such as self-employed people, job seekers or persons who do not fit into any of these categories, there does not exist any explicit right to education. The study investigates two openings that EU law provides to enjoy a right to education; through the parent’s status as a worker or through the equal treatment provision. If it is not possible for a person to fulfil the criteria for being a worker the possibility of finding a right to education enshrined in the equal treatment provision in the EU Citizenship Directive has to be investigated. This study concludes that education is not part of social assistance, which is the only possibility to derogate from equal treatment during the first three months of residence in the host state. The equal treatment could therefore possibly include a right to education regardless of length of stay in the host state. Due to the uncertainty of an explicit right to education in EU law for all persons regardless of economic status, international human rights law is examined in order to see how it regulates the right. International human rights law do provide for the right to education and even though international treaties are signed by states and only in some case by the EU, EU legislation should be interpreted in the light of EU’s Charter on Fundamental Rights (CFR) which in its turn should be interpreted in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The European Court of Human Rights, along with other international bodies, has established that the right to education is of such fundamental character that derogations are almost impossible. In light of the outlined the right to education is contextualised for a particular group of Roma EU-migrants who are coming to Sweden and are begging, collecting cans or selling street papers in order to survive and to be able to send money to their families. The question of whether this particular group can be considered workers is investigated. It turns out that it is problematic to consider begging fulfilling the requirements for work settled in EU law. Hence, children to parents in this group of persons, along with all other EU-migrant children who do not have working parents, are left without any explicit right to education in EU-law. This study concludes, after an overall assessment of the relevant frameworks that coexist, that a right to education for children who exercise their freedom of movement for a maximum of three months does exist in the host state. This is due to the reference in the CFR to the ECHR taken together with the strong position the right to education has been given in international human rights law and EU’s reliance upon international frameworks.Rätten till grundskola har blivit föremål för reglering i internationella instrument rörande mänskliga rättigheter såväl som i EU-lagstiftning. För de EU-migranter som lagligt utnyttjar sin rätt till fri rörlighet i maximalt tre månader är existensen av rätten till utbildning i den mottagande medlemsstaten dock oklart och syftet med den här studien är att undersöka huruvida en sådan rätt finns i den här specifika situationen. EU-rätten medger uttryckligen en rätt till utbildning till barn vars föräldrar är arbetare, men för andra kategorier såsom egenföretagare, jobbsökande eller personer som inte passar in i någon av de nämnda kategorierna, så finns det ingen uttrycklig rätt till utbildning. Studien undersöker de två möjligheter som ges inom EU-lagstiftningen för en rätt till utbildning; genom förälderns status som arbetare eller genom principen om likabehandling. Om det inte är möjligt för en person att uppfylla kriterierna för att anses vara en arbetare så får rätten till utbildning sökas genom ett studera principen om likabehandling i rörlighetsdirektivet. Den här studien drar slutsatsen att utbildning inte är en del av socialt bistånd, vilket är den enda möjligheten att inskränka principen om likabehandling under de tre första månaderna i den mottagande medlemsstaten. Principen om likabehandling kan därför möjligen inkludera en rätt till utbildning oavsett längden på vistelsen i den mottagande staten. På grund av osäkerheten huruvida en uttrycklig rätt till utbildning finns, oavsett ekonomisk status, i EU-rätten så undersöks internationella instrument rörande mänskliga rättigheter i syfte att se hur rätten till utbildning är reglerad där. De internationella instrumenten rörande mänskliga rättigheter ger uttryck för en rätt till utbildning och även om internationella instrument är ratificerade av stater och inte av EU, så ska EU-rätten tolkas i ljuset av EUs stadga om de grundläggande rättigheterna som i sin tur ska tolkas i ljuset av Europeiska konventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna (EKMR). Europadomstolen har, liksom flera kommentarer till de internationella instrumenten, klargjort att rätten till utbildning är av en sådan fundamental karaktär att den i princip är omöjlig att inskränka. I ljuset av det som framförts så kontextualiseras rätten till utbildning genom att se på ett konkret exempel av en särskild grupp EU-migranter av romskt ursprung som kommer till Sverige och tvingas tigga för att överleva och skicka pengar till sina familjer. Frågan huruvida den här särskilda gruppen kan anses vara arbetare undersöks. Det visar sig problematiskt att anse att tiggeri uppfyller kraven för arbete enligt EU-rätten. Därför är barn till föräldrar i den här särskilda gruppen, tillsammans med alla andra EU-migrerande barn som inte har arbetande föräldrar, lämnade utan någon uttrycklig rätt till utbildning enligt EU-rätten. Den här studien drar slutsatsen, efter en helhetsbedömning av de relevanta ramverk som samexisterar, att en rätt till utbildning för barn som utnyttjar sin rätt till fri rörlighet i maximalt tre månader existerar i den mottagande medlemsstaten. Detta på grund av referensen i EUs stadga om de grundläggande friheterna till EKMR, sammantaget med den starka position som rätten till utbildning har getts i internationella instrument rörande mänskliga rättigheter och EUs tillit till dessa

Applying Lean Analytics to Performance Metrics in M&A Earnouts

Ever since the dawn of internet, a new wave of fast-growing software companies has emerged. The M&A scholars have struggled to find appropriate valuation mechanisms for unprofitable companies with ultra-high revenue growth. To overcome the uncertain future, a contractual provision called earnout is often used. An earnout is a contractual provision in a M&A-deal that states the seller of the business is to obtain additional compensation in the future if the business achieves certain metrics. The purpose of this study is to contribute to practice and nascent literature by exploring and evaluating metrics for SaaS-companies that can be used in earnouts. The study applies Lean Anaslytics to suggest a framework for choosing what metrics to use, and discusses how to avoid sub-optimisation and metric manipulation. In order to answer the research questions, a qualitative, exploratory and abductive methodology was used. The study combines a literature and thought leader review and interviews to explore certain areas, with a case study that applies the findings. The study suggests that the process for determining metrics should start with the buyer’s acquisitions strategy. For acquisitions where the objective is to access talent, technology or accelerate product road-map, the study has shown that earnouts in most cases not be used at all. If the acquisition is made based on financial objectives, Lean Analytics can be used to determine what stage the seller’s company is in. Understanding what stage the company is in is crucial as the type of metrics that matter differ depending on stage. The study suggests that the most suitable earnout metric for M&A based on financial objectives is monthly recurring revenue (MRR). The metric must be clearly defined so it cannot be manipulated. The reason why many other metrics from Lean Analytics cannot be used is that they are vulnerable to manipulation and can restrict the operating freedom for the entrepreneur

Supporting students in higher education in transforming their thesis into a scientific article

Detta verk är licensierat under en Creative Commons Erkännande-IckeKommersiell 4.0 Internationell-licens.According to our experience from education in health and welfare, there are increased expectations in academia for students to publish their work as scientific international articles. Reasons and motivation for transforming the thesis to a scientific article vary; however, it is essential to understand that the work includes substantial revision to meet the requirements of a scientific article. We have long experience of teaching in higher education and have supported students from various educational programs in health and welfare to publish their theses as articles in scientific journals. This demands time, engagement and competence from both supervisors and students, demands that to our knowledge rarely are acknowledged in higher education organisations. A coherent guide on how to support students aiming for publication would have been helpful, and this article is anchored in our experiences and reflections on this matter. This article highlights eight preparatory reflective questions and presents a guide for supervisors in supporting actions for the transformation of a thesis to an article.publishedVersio

Exploring the role of sexual attitude reassessment and restructuring (SAR) in current sexology education: for whom, how and why?

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.As concerns about sexual and reproductive health and rights become integrated into public health policies, the demand for higher education in sexology rises. There is a need therefore to evaluate established pedagogical methods to ensure that they are relevant, efficient and lead to valuable competencies. This study explored the current evidence and pedagogical relevance for Sexual Attitude Reassessment and restructuring (SAR) as part of professional higher education in sexology. A systematic review was conducted with eleven included publications. Data were synthesised across studies and presented narratively. The publications were generally old and derive from a small pool of researchers geographically centred to the USA. Several studies were based on small numbers of participants, display a great variety in types of participants, use different evaluation instruments (mostly unvalidated), and a variety of methods to measure the results of SAR. Furthermore, long-term follow-up has been rare. Extensive, highquality, and up-to-date research for SAR as an effective pedagogical method for use in sexology higher education for professionals today is lacking. Digital solutions focusing on broadening students sexological self-awareness appear more feasible than SAR, and suitable pedagogical and digital solutions need to be developed and evaluated to ensure high-quality teaching of sexology in higher education.publishedVersio

Magnesium och mittlaktationsförlamningar hos mjölkkor

Kor som blir liggande och förlamade mitt i laktationen förekommer hos svenska mjölkproducenter. Magnesium är viktigt för en god muskelfunktion och det är känt att kalium påverkar magnesiumabsorptionen negativt. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka om det kan finnas en koppling mellan mittlaktationsförlamningar och magnesium. Grovfodret hos svenska mjölkproducenter innehåller måttliga till höga halter av kalium och låga halter av natrium vilket kan minska absorptionen av magnesium i våmmen. Förekomsten av mitt-laktationsförlamningar analyserades utifrån djursjukdata på veterinärbehandlingar från Växa Sverige med hjälp av Microsoft Excel. Av korna som var anslutna till kokontrollen mellan åren 2015–2019 behandlades 0,2% av korna för förlamning och kramper och 67% av korna var i laktation tre eller mer. Antalet kor behandlade för förlamning och kramper var fler mellan mars och augusti än september och februari. Slutsatsen är att det är av god idé att se över foderstaten så att åtminstone rekommenderat minimumintag av magnesium är uppfyllt.At the Swedish dairy farms there are cows that are laying in paretic in the middle of the lactation. Magnesium is essential for proper muscle function, and it is well known that potassium decreases rummen magnesium absorption. The purpose of this study is to examine if there is any connection between middle lactation paresis and magnesium. In Swedish forage for dairy cows generally has a moderate to high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium which can decrease the absorption of magnesium from the rumen. To analyze the incidence of middle lactation disease data of dairy cows from veterinary treatments from Växa Sverige was processed in Microsoft Excel. The result showed that 0.2% of the dairy cows in the Swedish dairy assosiation were treated for paresis and tetany between 2015-2019 and 67% of the cows were in lactation three or higher. The number of cows treated for paresis and tetany was higher between March and August than between September and February. The conclusion of this study is that it is a good idea to have diet that at least meets the minimum requirement of magnesium

Vulnerability analysis in sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) — Indications of intersecting vulnerable positions in a nnational survey among young people in Sweden

Introduction: Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) policies use gender as the foremost social determinant to explain vulnerability in relation to SRHR among young people. Therefore, our aim was to explore intersecting vulnerable positions within the three SRHR-related outcome areas: unsafe sex, sex against one’s will, and transactional sex, among young people aged 16–29. Methods: The data set is from a randomised, cross-sectional, and population-based SRHR survey conducted in Sweden in 2015, and the 7755 respondents imply a response rate (26%) in line with the power estimations. How gender intersects with fve other social positions, i.e. social determinants (sexual identity, transgender experience, perceived economy, being foreign-born, and social welfare recipiency), was explored through a stepwise descriptive intersecting vulnerability analysis exemplifed through three outcome variables: unsafe sex, sex against one’s will, and transactional sex. Results: Gender intersects with other social determinants and creates vulnerable positions in SRHR-related outcomes. The most vulnerable positions within each of the three outcome variables were the following: (1) for unsafe sex: being a man and homosexual; (2) for sex against one’s will: being a woman and bisexual; and (3) for transactional sex: being a man and having transgender experience. Conclusions: Despite limitations, the descriptive intersecting vulnerability analysis indicates how gender intersects with other social determinants and generates multiple vulnerable positions in relation to SRHR. Policy Implications: The results can be of interest in future studies on vulnerability and inform policies that intend to fulfl the intention of leaving no one behind, as stated in the Agenda 2030.publishedVersio

Perspektiver på å gå fra praktisk arbeid i klinikken til forsker, og på å forske der en arbeider i praksis : Perspektiver på møte mellom forskning og praktisk arbeid

Research in practice is influenced by the knowledge and understanding that researchers and those who work in clinical practice have about each other's point of view. Through common understanding, sharing of experiences and co-production, research projects can lead to sustainable improvement, but instead it is common that there is insufficient knowledge of each other's roles and context. For example, how will the intended research design affect practice and how can the implementation of the research in practice be affected by the project? What has the highest priority - the research project or the practical work? In the same way that we discuss treatments and results with patients and techniques in the clinic, research activities in the clinic should be discussed.Praksisnær forskning påvirkes av den kunnskap og forståelse som forskere og den som arbeider i klinisk praksis har om hverandres ståsted.  Gjennom felles forståelse, deling av erfaringer og samskapning kan forskningsprosjekter lede til holdbar forbedring, men det er vanlig at det i stedet er utilstrekkelig kunnskap om hverandres roller og kontekst. For eksempel, hvordan kommer den tenkte forskningsdesignen til å påvirke praksis og hvordan kan gjennomføringen av forskningen i praksis påvirke resultatene av prosjektet? Hva har høyest prioritet – forskningsprosjektet eller det praktiske arbeidet? På samme måte som vi diskuterer behandlinger og resultater med pasienter og kolleger i klinikken, burde forskningsaktiviteter i klinikken diskuteres