The Psychic Distance Postulate Revised: From Market Selection to Speed of Market Penetration

In this paper we revise the psychic distance postulate of the Uppsala Model (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977, 1990) by injecting more recent findings (i.e., distinguishing between selection of foreign markets and time needed to achieve sufficient penetration in foreign markets and the role of social capital). The model we propose posits that a higher psychic distance decreases the speed of market penetration. On distant markets, internationalizing technology-based ventures need more time to establish a position in the foreign network and to obtaining positive cash flow. Our model presents social capital as a mean to overcome the psychic distance and to increase the speed of market penetration. We build our model on four case studies on technology-based new ventures internationalizing at very early age

A Network-based Approach on Opportunity Recognition

This paper argues that individuals differ in terms of their perception of opportunities because of the differences between the networks they are embedded in. We focus on two aspects of individuals' embeddedness in networks, that is, (1) individuals' belonging to residential areas that are more or less likely to be characterized by network cohesion, and (2) individuals' differential access to network contacts based on the level of human capital they hold. Our analyses show that the nature of one's residential area influences the perception of entrepreneurial opportunities. Further, we find a positive effect for education, i.e., people with a higher educational level are more likely to perceive entrepreneurial opportunities compared to those with a lower educational leve

Rapid internationalisation enabled by the Internet: The case of a knowledge intensive company

In this paper we will show how knowledge intensive firms can quicken their internationalisation by using the Internet as a sales channel. When properly applied the Internet can provide a way to decrease the effects of liability of foreignness and resource scarcity, and herewith contribute to an increased speed of internationalisation. The focus of the empirical research is on a Finnish knowledge intensive company and the development of its international operations and sales channels. The study applies the longitudinal case study method when examining in-depth the development of Futuremark Corporation for a period of five year

Unpacking the relationship between high-performance work systems and innovation performance in SMEs

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the black box between high-performance work systems (HPWS) and innovation performance in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Through application of the ability, motivation and opportunity (AMO) framework, the study examines the mediating roles of innovation-specific ability, motivation and voice behaviors between HPWS and SMEs’ innovation performance. Design/methodology/approach The hypotheses are tested on data collected through a self-administered questionnaire from 237 SMEs in Pakistan. Findings Findings indicate that human capital, motivation and employee voice fully mediate the relationship between HPWS and innovation performance in SMEs. Research limitations/implications The cross-sectional research design and self-reported measures warrant caution for the interpretation of findings. Future research may consider a longitudinal research design and objective measures. Practical implications SMEs need to invest in the adoption and implementation of HPWS that will develop innovation-specific abilities, motivation and voice behaviors simultaneously among employees that will lead to higher innovation performance. Originality/value This is the first study of its kind utilizing an AMO framework to investigate the underlying mechanism through which HPWS affect innovation performance in SMEs

Variación en el nivel de actividad a través de las etapas de iniciación empresarial. evidencia de 35 países

Alrich and Martínez (2001) pointed out that in “entrepreneurship many are called, but few are chosen”. Many entrepreneurs try seriously to create a lasting organization, but most of them do not pass through the three stages of the entrepreneurial startup process. There is scarce research exploring the entrepreneurial startup process, particularly studying across countries the prevalence of individuals in the different stages. This paper uses data collected across 35 countries participating in the 2005 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study and we examine whether individual-level factors and national culture are related to the ratio of nascent entrepreneurs to potential entrepreneurs, and to the ratio of baby business owners to potential entrepreneurs. Our results show that there is significant variation across countries in how many individuals are active in the different stages of the entrepreneurial startup process. Our results also indicate that gender and age are related to a high ratio of nascent entrepreneurs to potential entrepreneurs.Alrich y Martínez (2001) señalan que “a emprender muchos son llamados, pero pocos son elegidos”. Muchos emprendedores intentan crear organizaciones que perduren, pero la mayoría de ellos no logran superar las tres etapas del proceso emprendedor. Existe muy poca investigación que examina el éxito del proceso emprendedor, sobre todo estudios que midan estas variaciones entre las etapas y que compararen entre distintos países. Este trabajo utiliza los datos de 35 países que participan en el Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) del año 2005 y examinamos los factores tanto individuales como de la cultura nacional que están relacionados con los ratios entre los emprendedores potenciales y los nacientes y entre los potenciales y los nuevos empresarios. Nuestros resultados muestran que hay variaciones significativas entre las fases iniciales del proceso emprendedor y los países. Nuestros resultados indican que el género y la edad son variables explicativas, sobre todo para la primera transición de potencial a emprendedor naciente

Variation in the level of activity across the stages of the entrepreneurial startup process - evidence from 35 countries

Alrich and Martínez (2001) pointed out that in “entrepreneurship many are called, but few are chosen”. Many entrepreneurs try seriously to create a lasting organization, but most of them do not pass through the three stages of the entrepreneurial startup process. There is scarce research exploring the entrepreneurial startup process, particularly studying across countries the prevalence of individuals in the different stages. This paper uses data collected across 35 countries participating in the 2005 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study and we examine whether individual-level factors and national culture are related to the ratio of nascent entrepreneurs to potential entrepreneurs, and to the ratio of baby business owners to potential entrepreneurs. Our results show that there is significant variation across countries in how many individuals are active in the different stages of the entrepreneurial startup process. Our results also indicate that gender and age are related to a high ratio of nascent entrepreneurs to potential entrepreneurs

Variation in the level of activity across the stages of the entrepreneurial startup process-evidence from 35 countries

Alrich and Martínez (2001) pointed out that in entrepreneurship many are called, but few are chosen. Many entrepreneurs try seriously to create a lasting organization, but most of them do not pass through the three stages of the entrepreneurial startup process. There is scarce research exploring the entrepreneurial startup process, particularly studying across countries the prevalence of individuals in the different stages. This paper uses data collected across 35 countries participating in the 2005 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study and we examine whether individual-level factors and national culture are related to the ratio of nascent entrepreneurs to potential entrepreneurs, and to the ratio of baby business owners to potential entrepreneurs. Our results show that there is significant variation across countries in how many individuals are active in the different stages of the entrepreneurial startup process. Our results also indicate that gender and age are related to a high ratio of nascent entrepreneurs to potential entrepreneurs.Alrich y Martínez (2001) señalan que a emprender muchos son llamados, pero pocos son elegidos. Muchos emprendedores intentan crear organizaciones que perduren, pero la mayoría de ellos no logran superar las tres etapas del proceso emprendedor. Existe muy poca investigación que examina el éxito del proceso emprendedor, sobre todo estudios que midan estas variaciones entre las etapas y que compararen entre distintos países. Este trabajo utiliza los datos de 35 países que participan en el Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) del año 2005 y examinamos los factores tanto individuales como de la cultura nacional que están relacionados con los ratios entre los emprendedores potenciales y los nacientes y entre los potenciales y los nuevos empresarios. Nuestros resultados muestran que hay variaciones significativas entre las fases iniciales del proceso emprendedor y los países. Nuestros resultados indican que el género y la edad son variables explicativas, sobre todo para la primera transición de potencial a emprendedor naciente

A Service of zbw VARIATION IN THE LEVEL Of ACTIVITy ACROSS THE STAGES Of THE ENTREPRENEURIAL STARTUP PROCESS-EVIDENCE fROM 35 COUNTRIES varIacIón En El nIvEl dE actIvIdad a través dE las Etapas dE InIcIacIón EmprEsarIal. EvIdEncIa dE 35 paísEs

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents i