Liquid-liquid Equilibria Of The Ternary System Water + Acrylic Acid + 4-methyl-2-pentanone At 298.15 K

In this work, experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system water + acrylic acid + 4-methyl-2-pentanone were determined at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The experimental data were also compared with the values correlated by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models. Good quantitative agreement was obtained with these models. In general, the average deviations from the NRTL model are slightly greater than those from the UNIQUAC model. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was confirmed by using the Othmer-Tobias correlation. Distribution coefficients and selectivity were evaluated for the immiscibility region. © 2008 American Chemical Society.533659662Danner, H., Urmos, M., Gartner, M., Braun, R., Biotechnological production of acrylic acid from biomass (1998) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, 70, pp. 887-894Varadarajan, S., Miller, D.J., Catalytic upgrading of fermentation-derived organic acids (1999) Biotechnol. Prog, 15, pp. 845-854Jansens, P.J., (1994) Fractional Melt Crystallization of Organic Compounds, , Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University Delft, The NetherlandsKirk, R.E., Othmer, D.F., (1992) Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, , 4th ed, Wiley-Interscience: New YorkArce, A., Blanco, A., Souza, P., Vidal, I., Liquid-liquid equilibria of the ternary mixtures water + propanoic acid + methyl ethyl ketone and water + propanoic acid + methyl propyl ketone (1995) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, pp. 225-229Dramur, U., Tatli, B., Liquid-liquid equilibria of water + acetic acid + phthalic esters (dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate) ternaries (1993) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 38, pp. 23-25Kirbasülar, S.I., Süahin, S., Bilgin, M., Liquid-liquid equilibria of (water + acetic acid + diethyl succinate or diethyl glutarate or diethyl adipate) ternary systems (2007) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 52, pp. 1108-1112Wang, L., Cheng, Y., Xiao, X., Li, X., Liquid-liquid equilibria for the ternary systems acetic acid + water + butyl acetate and acetic acid + water + 2-methyl propyl acetate at 304.15 K, 332.15K, and 366.15 K (2007) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 52, pp. 1255-1257Xiao, X., Wang, L., Ding, G., Xi, L., Liquid-liquid equilibria for the ternary system water + acetic acid + propyl acetate (2006) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51, pp. 582-583Malmary, G., Faizal, M., Albet, J., Molinier, J., Liquid-liquid equilibria of acetic, formic, and oxalic acids between water and tributyl phosphate + dodecane (1997) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, pp. 985-987Frere, F.J., Ternary system diisopropyl ether-isopropyl alcohol-water at 25°C (1949) Ind. Eng. Chem, 41, pp. 2365-2367Colombo, A., Battilana, P., Ragaini, V., Bianchi, C.L., Carvoli, G., Liquid-liquid equilibria of the ternary systems water + acetic acid + ethyl acetate and water + acetic acid + isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1- one) (1999) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 44, pp. 35-39Aljimaz, A.S., Fandary, M.S.H., Alkandary, J.A., Fahim, M.A., Liquid-liquid equilibria of the ternary system water + acetic acid + 1-heptanol (2000) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, pp. 301-303Ashour, I.Abu-Eishah, S. I. Liquid-liquid equilibria for cyclohexane + ethylbenzene + sulfolane at (303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2006, 51, 859-863Atik, Z., Chaou, M., Solubilities and phase equilibria for ternary solutions of r,r,r-trifluorotoluene, water, and 2-propanol at three temperatures and pressure of 101.2 kPa (2007) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 52, pp. 932-935Lin, W.C., Yang, C.H., Pan, T.C., Tsao, C.W., Liquid-liquid equilibria of alkane (C10-C14) + hexylbenzene + sulfolane (2007) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 52, pp. 1060-1064Resa, J.M., Goenaga, J.M., Iglesias, M., Gonzalez-Olmos, R., Pozuelo, D., Liquid-liquid equilibrium diagrams of ethanol + water +(ethyl acetate or 1-pentanol) at several temperatures (2006) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51, pp. 1300-1305Alvarez, M.E.T., Moraes, E.B., Machado, A.B., Maciel Filho, R., Wolf-Maciel, M.R., Evaluation of liquid-liquid extraction process for separating acrylic acid produced from renewable sugars (2007) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, 136, pp. 451-461Fish, L.W., Errico, J.E., Jim Lim, C., Cavers, S.D., Liquid-liquid equilibrium of system acetic acid - water - 4-methyl-2-pentanone (1974) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 19, pp. 154-156Govindarajan, M., Sabarathinam, P., Effect of some inorganic salts on the ternary liquid-liquid equilibria of the water + 4-methyl-2-pentanone + propanoic or butanoic acid at 35°C (1997) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, pp. 402-408Solimo, H.N., Gramajo de Doz, M.B., Influence of temperature on the liquid-to-liquid extraction of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone from aqueous solutions with benzyl alcohol (1995) Fluid Phase Equilib, 107, pp. 213-227Ferreira, L., Lopes, E., Solvent extraction of picric acid from aqueous solutions (1996) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, pp. 698-700Renon, H., Prausnitz, J.M., Local compositions in thermodynamic excess functions for liquid mixtures (1968) AIChE J, 14, pp. 135-144Abrams, D.S., Prausnitz, J.M., Statistical thermodynamics of liquid mixtures: A new expression for the excess Gibbs energy of partly or completely miscible systems (1975) AIChE J, 21, pp. 116-128Fredenslund, A.A., Gmehling, J., Rasmussen, P., (1977) Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using UNIFAC: A Group-Contribution Method, , Elsevier: AmsterdamSantiago, R.S., Aznar, M., Liquid-liquid equilibria for quaternary mixtures of nonane + undecane + (benzene or toluene or m-xylene) + sulfolane at 298.15 and 313.15K (2007) Fluid Phase Equilib, 253, pp. 137-141Çehreli, S., Liquid-liquid equilibria of the acetic acid-water-mixed solvent (cyclohexyl acetate-cyclohexanol) system (2002) Braz. J. Chem. Eng, 19, pp. 45-54Othmer, D.F., Tobias, P.E., Tie line correlation (1942) Ind. Eng. 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Evaluation Of Pyrolysis And Steam Gasification Processes Of Sugarcane Bagasse In A Fixed Bed Reactor

Sugarcane bagasse is the main byproduct of sugarcane mill, ready available at the production site so that it may be a suitable raw material for the production of biofuels, chemicals and electricity. Among the methods that have been widely studied, there are thermochemical processes such as gasification, pyrolysis and direct combustion. The direct combustion is used to produce electricity while the pyrolysis and gasification are used to obtain high value-added products such as bio-oil and synthesis gas (Syngas). In this study we performed a comparison between the experimental results by pyrolysis and gasification reactions. The pyrolysis and gasification of sugarcane bagasse was carried out, using a laboratory-scale fixed bed reactor in order to produce bio-oil (pyrolysis) and Syngas (gasification). The gasification and pyrolysis were studied and evaluated the char, tar and gas production as well as the composition of the gas produced. For the pyrolysis temperature was varied from 500 °C to 900 °C and a quite broad reaction time range was considered. In gasification were evaluated the reaction temperature equal to 900 °C, reaction time and steam/bagasse ratio equal 2.0. The behavior for both process was presented. Copyright © 2013, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.32925930Baumlin, S., Broust, F., Bazer-Bachi, F., Bourdeaux, T., Herbinet, O., Toutie, N.F., Ferrer, M., Lédé, J., Production of hydrogen by lignins fast pyrolysis (2006) International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31, pp. 2179-2192Camacho, A.Y., Jaimes, F.J.E., Hoss, L.B., Marciel, F.R., Wolf Maciel, M.R., Syngas production from sugar cane bagasse in a circulating fluidized bed gasifier using aspen plus™: Modelling and simulation (2012) Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, , Ian David Lockhart Bogle I.D.L. Fairweather M. (eds.), 17-20 June 2012, London, UKJaimes, F.J.E., Camacho, A.Y., Hoss, L.B., Maciel, F.R., Wolf Maciel, M.R., Sugarcane bagasse as raw material to syngas production: 3d simulation of gasification process (2012) Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, , Ian David Lockhart Bogle I.D.L. Fairweather M. (eds.), 17-20 June 2012, London, UKLan, W., Chen, G., Wang, C., Zhu, X., Syngas production from biomass: A review (2013) Advanced Materals Research, 608-609, pp. 402-405Skoulou, V.K., Zabanioutou, A.A., Co-gasification of crude glycerol with lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced syngas production (2013) Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 99, pp. 110-116Zhou, C.-H., Beltramini, J.N., Fab, Y.-X., Lu, G.Q., Chemoselective catalytic conversion of glycerol as a biorenewable source to valuable commodity chemicals (2008) Chemical Society Reviews, 37, pp. 527-54

Strategies and performance of the CMS silicon tracker alignment during LHC Run 2

The strategies for and the performance of the CMS silicon tracking system alignment during the 2015–2018 data-taking period of the LHC are described. The alignment procedures during and after data taking are explained. Alignment scenarios are also derived for use in the simulation of the detector response. Systematic effects, related to intrinsic symmetries of the alignment task or to external constraints, are discussed and illustrated for different scenarios