Hip Hop Photography: From Revolutionary To Commodified

This thesis examines Hip Hop’s commercialization, and more specifically the photographs of the progression of Hip Hop from a revolutionary movement to a commercial art form. It outlines the influences of the Hip Hop Movement, and also the denial of these influences as rap music continued to be corporatized. This thesis then compares photographs of enslaved African Americans from Harper’s Weekly and photographs of Frederick Douglass to photographs of revolutionary rappers such as Public Enemy and mainstream artists such as Rick Ross. The intention of this is to prove that as Hip Hop and rap music have become more corporate and commercial, rappers have been objectified in photography and have become commodified spectacles, just as enslaved African Americans had been in the photographs from Harper’s Weekly

Integration of resource efficiency and waste management criteria in European product policies – Second phase. Report n° 2: Application of the project’s methods to three product groups

Analysis of new product groups : The report applies the project’s methodologies to some exemplary products in order to test their applicability, their relevance and usefulness at the product level and to draw some recommendations at the methodological level. The outcomes from the application of the methodologies have been used to identify and assess potentially relevant ecodesign requirements for three case-study product: imaging equipments, washing machines, LCD-TV.JRC.H.8-Sustainability Assessmen

Integration of resource efficiency and waste management criteria in European product policies – Second phase Report n° 3 - Refined methods and Guidance documents for the calculation of indices concerning Reusability / Recyclability / Recoverability, Recycled content, Use of Priority Resources, Use of Hazardous substances, Durability (final)

the report illustrates the refined methodologies for the assessment of: reusability/recyclability/recoverability-RRR, use of relevant resources, recycled content, use of hazardous substances, durability. Based on results of the previous project Phase 1, the methodologies have been revised according to the outcomes of their application to some exemplary case-studies .JRC.H.8-Sustainability Assessmen

Environmental assessment of the durability of energy-using products: method and application

AbstractDurability of products is generally seen to be a desirable goal. However, the extension of the lifetime of energy-using products is not necessarily the optimal strategy, as the efficiency of products generally decreases with wear, and their substitution by more energy-efficient products can be more environmentally beneficial in the long run. There is currently no standardised approach to resolving this conflict. The article describes an original method for environmentally assessing the durability of energy-using products in order to identify if and to what extent the potential extension of the product's lifetime could have life-cycle benefits. The method is based on the comparison, within a life-cycle perspective, of two scenarios of different lifetimes of a target product and its potential substitution with better performing alternatives. The method considers some key parameters of durability, including the product's lifetime, energy consumptions, impacts of lifetime extension and characteristics of the replacement product. The method can be used for ecodesign purposes by manufacturers or by policy makers. The applicability and robustness of the method are discussed, including limitations, difficulties and possible improvement. A general index and a simplified index have been introduced. The applicability and relevance of the simplified durability index is shown in two case-studies (of washing machines). The article shows that some life-cycle environmental benefits can be gained by extending the lifetime of the products. However, the benefits are variable, mostly depending on the selected impact category, the extension of the lifetime, the impact of repair, and the efficiency of the replacement product

Environmental Footprint and Material Efficiency Support for Product Policy - Report on benefits and impacts/costs of options for different potential material efficiency requirements for Dishwashers

The present report has been developed to support the European Commission in the integration in the European product policies of measures for the improvement of resource efficiency of products. In particular, the report analyses potential requirements for dishwashers (DW) that can be implemented within the framework of the Ecodesign directive (2009/125/EC). The analysis is based on the application of the REAPro method to the dishwasher product group for the following resource efficiency criteria: reusability / recyclability / recoverability, recycled content, use of hazardous substances and durability. The study concludes that the resource efficiency of dishwashers could significantly improve by the manual extraction of key parts before shredding, and also by extending the lifetime of a DW. On such purpose, the report proposes some potential ecodesign measures.JRC.H.8-Sustainability Assessmen

The recyclability benefit rate of closed-loop and open-loop systems: a case study on plastic recycling in Flanders

AbstractOver the last few years, waste management strategies are shifting from waste disposal to recycling and recovery and are considering waste as a potential new resource. To monitor the progress in these waste management strategies, governmental policies have developed a wide range of indicators. In this study, we analyzed the concept of the recyclability benefit rate indicator, which expresses the potential environmental savings that can be achieved from recycling the product over the environmental burdens of virgin production followed by disposal. This indicator is therefore, based on estimated environmental impact values obtained through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) practices. We quantify the environmental impact in terms of resource consumption using the Cumulative Exergy Extraction from the Natural Environment method. This research applied this indicator to two cases of plastic waste recycling in Flanders: closed-loop recycling (case A) and open-loop recycling (case B). Each case is compared to an incineration scenario and a landfilling scenario. The considered plastic waste originates from small domestic appliances and household waste other than plastic bottles. However, the existing recyclability benefit rate indicator does not consider the potential substitution of different materials occurring in open-loop recycling. To address this issue, we further developed the indicator for open-loop recycling and cascaded use. Overall, the results show that both closed-loop and open-loop recycling are more resource efficient than landfilling and incineration with energy recovery

LCA-based indicators for recycling: a case study on plastic waste treatment in Flanders

The last decades, waste management strategies are shifting from waste disposal to recycling, considering waste as resources. To quantitatively monitor the progress in this transition, a wide range of indicators has been developed. One of these indicators developed by the European Commission is the recyclability benefit rate (RBR), defined as the ratio of the environmental benefits that can be achieved from recycling over the environmental losses related to virgin production and disposal. These environmental benefits and losses are expressed in terms of environmental impacts obtained through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). To assess the usefulness of this indicator, we applied it on two cases of plastic waste treatment in Flanders, Belgium: closed-loop recycling (case A) and open-loop recycling (case B). The environmental impact of resource consumption is quantified as the Cumulative Exergy Extraction of the Natural Environment (CEENE). Case A considers plastic waste from electronic appliances. The recycled plastic is of good quality and can be used in products similar to the original product. The average RBR of case A is 58%. Case B considers plastic household waste. The recycled plastic is of lower quality, making it only useable for other products, e.g. street benches, in which it substitutes other materials, e.g. wood. Here, the indicator had to be further adapted for open-loop recycling. The outcome is an average RBR of 13%. This value is rather low because more mass of the recycled plastic is needed to meet the same quality requirements as the substituted material. By further developing the indicator for open-loop recycling, it was possible to quantify the environmental sustainability of plastic recycling in Flanders. These quantitative results may be useful for policy makers, e.g. in legislation on subsidies and levies

Ten years of scientific support for integrating circular economy requirements in the EU ecodesign directive: Overview and lessons learnt

The paper presents and analyses the REAPro Research programme led at the JRC that allowed the Commission to move from the formulation in 2011 of a general policy need to improve circularity of products through design, to the concrete implementation in 2019 of innovative and ambitious circular economy criteria in entry market European legislation. This policy innovation entailed the robust development of complementary components along the policy process, including policy agenda setting (better formulation of the policy need), policy formulation (e.g. identification of indicators to measure resource efficiency of products), and policy implementation (initiation of standardization activities). The paper looks back into 10 years of scientific support to policy and draws some conclusions concerning the needs of scientific support for policy making

Integration of resource efficiency and waste management criteria in European product policies – Second phase. Report n° 1. Analysis of Durability

The present report aims at: 1) identifying key issues concerning the durability of products; 2) analysing methods and standards for the assessment of durability; 3) identifying potential product’s policy criteria for durability. The report is subdivided in 3 Chapters: Chapter 1 analyses scientific publications and standards to identify potential methods for the assessment of the durability of products. Also potential approaches to extend the operating time of products have been illustrated. Chapter 2 applies the method for the environmental assessment of durability to two exemplary washing machines. Chapter 3 illustrates hot spots for durability of washing machines, meaning those key components/parts that are functionally critical for the lifetime of the product. The analysis has been based on researches published in scientific literature and feedback from stakeholders. Potential environmental benefits for the washing machine product group due to extension of product’s lifetime have been also estimatedJRC.H.8-Sustainability Assessmen

Environmental Footprint and Material Efficiency Support for Product Policy - Feasibility study for a standardized method to measure the time taken to extract certain parts from an Electrical and Electronic Equipment

A study of the Joint Research Centre – JRC- on material efficiency published in 2012 established a method for the identification and assessment of “hot-spots” for End-of-Life (EoL) treatments of Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), including television, washing machines and imaging equipment. The method has been since then applied to various other product groups (e.g. enterprise servers). The improved extractability of target parts in Energy related Products (ErP) can represent a potential suitable requirement in the context of Ecodesign Directive for various product groups. In the case of measures for the “design for extraction of target parts in ErP” the 2012 JRC study identified the “time for the extraction” as a good proxy to prove the ‘easiness to disassembly’. However, the verification of the application of measures on extractability implies the availability of a method for repeatable measurements. The present report intends to provide scientific evidences on the feasibility of defining extraction times for the disassembly of WEEE and how it should be structured. The development of a standardised method for measuring the time for extraction of product’s target parts should allow the repeatability of measurements and minimizing uncertainty by removing or decreasing the influence of uncontrolled experimental conditions. The report includes a review of the relevant scientific references (including standards and scientific articles), discusses key issues for the measurement of the ‘time for extraction’ of product’s target parts and proposes how such keys issues can be integrated in an exemplary method for the measurement. Key definitions to be provided in the measurement method have been identified and provided for the following terms: target parts, extraction, extraction sequence, extraction time, worker experience, and tools for the extraction of components/parts. This report also establishes possible operating conditions such as testing area and safety requirements to extract parts of WEEE. The dismantling sequence has been identified as a crucial aspect. Detailed provisions on the dismantling sequence have been provided. The testing dismantling sequence has to be pre-defined prior to the product dismantling. Finally, a proposed measurement method has been developed as proof of concept and it is attached in Appendix 1. The method has been structured in order to reflect the framework of a potential international standard.JRC.H.8-Sustainability Assessmen