A variational principle for fluid sloshing with vorticity, dynamically coupled to vessel motion

A variational principle is derived for two-dimensional incompressible rotational fluid flow with a free surface in a moving vessel when both the vessel and fluid motion are to be determined. The fluid is represented by a stream function and the vessel motion is represented by a path in the planar Euclidean group. Novelties in the formulation include how the pressure boundary condition is treated, the introduction of a stream function into the Euler-Poincar\'e variations, the derivation of free surface variations, and how the equations for the vessel path in the Euclidean group, coupled to the fluid motion, are generated automatically.Comment: 19 pages, 3 figure

{CpG} content-dependent associations between transcription factors and histone modifications

Understanding the factors that underlie the epigenetic regulation of genes is crucial to understand the gene regulatory machinery as a whole. Several experimental and computational studies examined the relationship between different factors involved. Here we investigate the relationship between transcription factors (TFs) and histone modifications (HMs), based on ChIP-seq data in cell lines. As it was shown that gene regulation by TFs differs depending on the CpG class of a promoter, we study the impact of the CpG content in promoters on the associations between TFs and HMs. We suggest an approach based on sparse linear regression models to infer associations between TFs and HMs with respect to CpG content. A study of the partial correlation of HMs for the two classes of high and low CpG content reveals possible CpG dependence and potential candidates for confounding factors in our models. We show that the models are accurate, inferred associations reflect known biological relationships, and we give new insight into associations with respect to CpG content. Moreover, analysis of a ChIP-seq dataset in HepG2 cells of the HM H3K122ac, an HM about little is known, reveals novel TF associations and supports a previously established link to active transcription

Isotopic traits of the Arctic water cycle

The Arctic hydrological cycle undergoes rapid and pronounced changes, including marine and terrestrial ice loss, increased atmospheric humidity, shifting ocean circulation regimes, and changes in the magnitude and frequency of extreme weather events. Stable water isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) and the secondary parameter d-excess can be used to trace the processes within this new evaporative system including the potential feedback of them into the global climate system. However, characteristics of δ18O, δ2H and d-excess and the processes governing them are yet to be quantified across the Arctic due to a lack of long-term empirical data. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition provided a unique opportunity to collect, analyze, and synthesize discrete samples of the different hydrological compartments in the central Arctic, covering a complete seasonal cycle over the course one year. These observations can lead to a new insight into coupled climate processes operating in the Arctic. Here, we present the isotopic traits of more than 1,900 discrete samples (i.e., seawater, sea ice, snow, brine, frost flower, lead ice, ridge ice). We found that: (i) average seawater δ18O of -1.7‰ conforms to observed and modelled isotopic traits of the Arctic Ocean with more depleted seawater closer to the north pole in winter and relatively enriched seawater in lower latitudes in spring; (ii) second year ice is relatively depleted compared to first year ice with average δ18O values of -3.1‰ and -0.7‰, respectively. This might be due to post-depositional exchange processes with snow; (iii) snow has the most depleted isotopic signature among all compartments (mean δ18O=-15.1‰) and a gradual enrichment trend in snow profiles from top to bottom might be partially due to sublimation of deposited snow. Our dataset provides an unprecedented description of the present-day isotopic composition of the Arctic water covering a complete seasonal cycle. We try to assess the relative contribution of snow, sea ice, leads, and melt ponds spatially and temporally on regional and local moisture in the Arctic. This will ultimately contribute to resolve the linkages between sea ice, ocean, and atmosphere during critical transitions from frozen ocean to open water conditions

Survival rate of patients with bladder cancer in Yazd, central province of Iran

Abstract Background: Bladder cancer is the ninth most commonly diagnosed malignancy worldwide. The trend of bladder cancer incidence and mortality is rising in Iran. This study was aimed to evaluate the survival rate of patients with bladder cancer in Yazd province, Iran. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, data were collected from 340 patients suffering from bladder cancer referred to Shahid Rahnemon and Shohada-Kargar Hospitals in Yazd province, Iran between April, 2001 and March, 2012. Variables included age, gender, stage of cancer, place of residence and type of treatment. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between each variable and survival time. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of total patients was 65.8 ± 13.6 years, and their mean survival time was 68.55 ± 6.05 months. Cumulative survival rates at the end of 1, 3, and 5 years in bladder cancer patients were 91%, 58%, and 51.4%, respectively. A statistically significant association was found between age (P = 0.005), stage of disease (P = 0.0003), type of treatment (P = 0.0003) and survival time of patients. Data showed no significant correlation between age, gender, place of residence and patients’ survival. Conclusions: The survival of patients suffering from bladder cancer in this study was less than other reports. Patients’age and cancer stage were the effective factors in survival time. Continuous screening of older people for cancer diagnosis in early stages is seemed to improve survival in patients. Keywords: Bladder; Cancer; Survival Rate; Ira

Giant saccular abdominal aortic aneurysm with manifestation of gastric inlet obstruction mimicking a fundal gastrointestinal stromal tumor: A report on an unexpected case

We present an extremely rare report on gastric inlet obstruction due to giant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Despite the rare occurrence of this manifestation, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gastric inlet obstructions. © 2021 The Authors. Clinical Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

[Bis(2-hydroxyl imino)1-phenyl, 2-(2-qunolile)1-ethanona]Aluminium(III) Complex as Carrier for a Salicylate-Sensitive Electrode

A salicylate-selective electrode based on the complex [bis(2-hydroxyl imino)1-phenyl,2-(2- qunolile)1-ethanona]Aluminium(III) as the membrane carrier was developed. The electrode exhibited a good Nernstian slope of –59.1 ± 0.4 mV / decade (mean value ± standard deviation, n = 5) and a linear range of 1.0 × 10–6– 1.0 × 10–1 mol L–1 for salicylate. The limit of detection was 5.0 × 10–7 mol L–1. The electrode had a fast response time of 15 s and could be used for more than three months. The selectivity coefficients were determined by the fixed interference method (FIM) and could be used in the pH range of 2.0–7.8. It was employed as an indicator electrode for direct the determination of salicylate in pharmaceutical samples

Practical difficulties in estimating the prevalence of primary infertility in Iran

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO)'s clinical, epidemiological and demographic definitions, infertility is an inability to become pregnant within one, two or five years of exposure to pregnancy, respectively. Inconsistent infertility-related definitions and various methodological approaches make it difficult to compare quantitative data in this regard and consequently, have negatively influenced estimating the prevalence of infertility. The present study reviewed the results of a large population-based survey on how the clinical, epidemiological and demographic definitions of infertility produce different results in terms of infertility prevalence in Iran and subsequently, compared the findings in order to find the right time of treatment-seeking by couples. Materials and Methods: This community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out by Avicenna Research Institute in the urban and rural parts of Iran between 2010 and 2011. Using cluster sampling, the reproductive history of 17,187 married women aged 20-40 years, was recorded. Totally, 1011 clusters were randomly selected according to post office codes, proportional to the population of the province. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of the data was carried out by SPSS statistical software. Results: The prevalence of primary infertility based on the WHO�s clinical, epidemiological and demographic definitions were 20.2, 12.8 and 9.2, respectively. In addition, secondary infertility rate was 4.9. Conclusion: Infertility estimates over a two-year exposure period made a 50 decrease in infertility rate; however, increasing exposure period to five years made no significant difference in infertility rate. The findings showed that most of the couples will get pregnant within two years of unprotected sexual intercourse and thus, need no treatment. Due to practical difficulties in estimating the prevalence of primary infertility, the reference limit for time to pregnancy, should be reconsidered and giving more time to younger women to become pregnant, seems reasonable. © 2019, Royan Institute (ACECR). All rights reserved

Dramatic rise in cesarean birth in Iran: A coalition of private medical practices and women�s choices

Objectives: Cesarean delivery without medical indication has regularly increased among Iranian women in the last three decades, and Iran has one of the highest rates of cesarean in the world. The present study aimed at reviewing the studies regarding the increase of cesarean in Iran and discussing the root causes for such an increase. Methods: This literature review focused on the existing quantitative and qualitative studies conducted from January 1990 to January 2019 regarding the reasons for an increase in the cesarean section in Iran. The combination of keywords including �cesarean section�, �C-section�, �cesarean delivery�, and �Iran� was searched in several databases such as MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science and Scopus, along with national databases (e.g., SID, MagIran, Iran Medex, and IranDoc). Results: A dramatic rise in cesarean birth stems from a number of factors including the role of health care professionals, insurance companies, socio-cultural factors, and the health policies, all of which have their roots in the medicalization of birth. Conclusions: In general, reducing the cesarean on maternal request necessitates the de-medicalization of birth, cultural awareness through the mass media, informing women of the long-term complications of cesarean, and physical and mental preparation of the mother. In addition, other contributing factors include encouraging inter-professional teamwork and collaboration between midwives and obstetrician-gynecologists, transforming the current curriculum of the midwifery and residency education, applying the midwifery-led care models, and decreasing the fear of litigation in midwifery and obstetrics-gynecology. Otherwise, maternal and fetal mortality will rise in the near future due to increased complications in subsequent pregnancies. © 2020 The Author(s)

The impact of third party reproduction on family and kinship

The development of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in the UK, in 1978, proved a major breakthrough in the process of human reproduction, which had remained constant in human history. The impact of IVF and the ensuing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) has not been limited in revolutionizing the "natural" practice of biological reproduction, but has reached out to and affected almost every institution in society. Family and kinship, as the social expression of reproduction and the institutions which are the most transparently structured realm of human life are those most profoundly affected by ARTs. Although literature on the implications of ARTs is in general abundant, this article presents new insights on their impact on family and kinship in Iran, which remains a unique case in the Muslim world. It explores the particular way ARTs, especially third-party donation, have been endorsed and practiced in Iran, and their consequences for the family, the infertile individuals, and their position vis-à -vis their kin and social group. The conclusion points to the lack of clarity concerning the initial rulings by the Islamic jurists, who allowed the practice of ARTs, and which has led to a number of unintended consequences regarding the legal, religious, cultural, and ethical issues, affecting the family, its structure and the relationship between the kin group. These consequences range, inter alia, from the question of the anonymity of third-party donor, to the permissibility of gamete donation between blood relatives, and to the absence of enforceable legislation. © 2021 Avicenna Research Institute. All rights reserved