Protective effect of Memantine and Bacopa Monnieri on LPS-induced SHSY5Y cells via amyloidosis, anti-inflammatory and intrinsic apoptotic pathways

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the extracellular accumulation of Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, causing neurotoxicity and leading to neurodegeneration. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is processed into various Aβ isoforms. It has been shown to contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, activating mitochondrial apoptotic pathways and pro-inflammatory factors and leading to neuronal cell death. Memantine (MN) and Bacopa Monnieri (BM) are postulated to have neuroprotective effects, most likely via anti-amyloidogenic and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. The in vitro models suggest a potential for further development of biologically based adjuvant therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. However, more precise identification of the bioactive metabolites in these extracts and their mechanisms of action in vitro is required to achieve this goal. Objective: The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Memantine (MN), an FDA-approved drug, and the Ayurvedic nootropic drug Bacopa Monnieri (BM) on the amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression and the apoptotic and inflammatory pathways in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SHSY5Y cells toxicity. Specifically, we investigated the effect of MN and BM on the expression of APP for the anti-amyloidogenic pathway, NF-kB for the anti-inflammatory pathway, and BCL-2, cytochrome C (Cyt C), and caspase-3 for the apoptotic pathway. Methods: SHSY5Y cells were pretreated with varying concentrations of Memantine (0.01 μM, 0.5 μM, and 1 μM) and Bacopa Monnieri (1μg/ml,10 μg/ml, and 20 μg/ml) for 2 hours prior to lipopolysaccharide (50 μg/ml) exposure for 24 hours. Cell viability, amyloidosis, inflammation, and apoptosis in LPS-induced SHSY5Y cell death were assessed. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay. Anti-amyloidogenic, antiinflammation, and anti-apoptotic effects were analyzed using western blot. Results: The results showed that the pretreatment with MN of LPS-induced toxicity in SHSY5Y cells significantly increased cell viability and decreased APP expression, thus limiting further neurotoxicity. In parallel, the apoptotic pathway triggered by LPS was reduced, as represented by a dose-dependent increase in the expression of BCL-2, an anti-apoptotic marker, and a decrease in the expression of cytochrome C and caspase-3, as well as a decrease in the expression of the inflammatory marker NF-kB. On the other hand, pretreatment with BM also protected the cells from LPS-induced neurotoxicity by significantly increasing cell viability and decreasing APP expression. In addition, BM also prevented apoptosis by decreasing the expression of cytochrome C and caspase 3. It also prevented neuroinflammation by reducing the expression of NF-kB. Both MN and BM show anti-amyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects in LPS-exposed neuronal cells. Conclusion: The present study suggests that BM can be considered a potential adjuvant therapy for preventing or delaying the progression of neurodegeneration in AD

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Impact of Online Marketing Practices on E- Business Models in India: Choice as a Determinant

Till today, Web portal Model is popular e- business model which is selling a wide range of products, with both depth and breadth of range. However, over recent years, consumers have become more discerning due to changing lifestyles, spending priorities and shopping patterns (Fisher, 1998). The focus of this research paper is to draw attention of marketers and shoppers towards the need to develop a hypothetical model named Global Super Store Model, is to change the consumer towards provision of providing a wide range of products with price comparison facility on a single portal along with a huge range of brand name suppliers. This research paper is also an attempt to find out the impact of online marketing practices on both existing Web Portal Model and our Global Super Store Model for choice as a determinant. Keywords: Choice, Global super store, Online Shopping, Web portal model, Online marketing practices, India