A cosmological open quantum system

We derive the evolution equation for the density matrix of a UV- and IR- limited band of comoving momentum modes of the canonically normalized scalar degree of freedom in two examples of nearly de Sitter universes. Including the effects of a cubic interaction term from the gravitational action and tracing out a set of longer wavelength modes, we find that the evolution of the system is non-Hamiltonian and non-Markovian. We find linear dissipation terms for a few modes with wavelength near the boundary between system and bath and nonlinear dissipation terms for all modes. The non-Hamiltonian terms persist to late times when the scalar field dynamics is such that the curvature perturbation continues to evolve on super-Hubble scales.Comment: 5 pages; V2 corrects an error in plots (Fig 2) and adds supplementary material with derivation details; v4 matches published version and corrects a typo in mode-sum expressio

Correlation of ovarian and stromal volume to fasting and postprandial insulin levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder with incidence of 5-10% in the reproductive-aged female population. With 3D ultrasound, we can precisely evaluate the ovarian anatomy. Hyperinsulinemia produces hyperandrogenism which in turn causes increased stromal production, increasing stromal volume and ovarian volume.  This study aimed to find out if this ovarian and stromal volume increase, has any correlation with insulin levels.Methods: The study was an observational study conducted in Sri Ramachandra College and Hospital, Chennai. This study comprised 100 patients in their reproductive age group with PCOS. After informed consent patients diagnosed with PCOS were asked to come on day 3 of cycle. On day 3 of cycle, fasting and 2 hours (75 gm glucose) postprandial insulin levels were measured. Ovarian and stromal volume using 3D ultrasound was measured on the same day. Results were then analysed for correlation.Results: A total of 100 patients were involved in the study. Mean age group was 25 years. The mean fasting and postprandial insulins of the women in the study were 20.19 mIU/l and 48.73 m IU/l respectively. The mean ovarian and stromal volume was 12.48 cm3 and 7.34 cm3 respectively. 2 tailed Pearson correlation was obtained and was found that stromal volume had a positive correlation with fasting and postprandial insulin levels but not ovarian volume.Conclusions: Stromal volume alone rather than total ovarian volume had a strong correlation with fasting and postprandial insulin levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients

Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Leukemia: Effect of External Engineered T Cells Infusion

In this paper, a nonlinear model is proposed and analyzed to study the spread of Leukemia by considering the effect of genetically engineered patients T cells to attack cancer cells. The model is governed by four dependent variables namely; naive or susceptible blood cells, infected or dysfunctional blood cells, cancer cells and immune cells. The model is analyzed by using the stability theory of differential equations and numerical simulation. We have observed that the system is stable in the local and global sense if antigenicity rate or rate of stimulation of immune cells is greater than a threshold value dependent on the density of immune cells. Further, external infusion of T cells (immune cells) reduces the concentration of cancer cells and infected cells in the blood. It is observed that the infected cells decrease with the increase in antigenicity rate or stimulation rate of immune response due to abnormal cancer cells present in the blood. This indicates that immune cells kill cancer cells on being stimulated and as antigenicity rate increases rate of destruction of cancer cells also increase leading to decrease in the concentration of cancer cells in the body. This decrease in cancer cells further causes decrease in the concentration of infected or dysfunctional cells in the body

Modeling Spread of Polio with the Role of Vaccination

In this paper, we have proposed and analyzed a nonlinear mathematical model for the spread of Polio in a population with variable size structure including the role of vaccination. A threshold parameter, R , is found that completely determines the stability dynamics and outcome of the disease. It is found that if R 1, the disease free equilibrium is stable and the disease dies out. However, if R \u3e1, there exists a unique endemic equilibrium that is locally asymptotically stable. Conditions for the persistence of the disease are determined by means of Fonda’s theorem. Moreover, numerical simulation of the proposed model is also performed by using fourth order Runge - Kutta method. Numerically, it has been found that the system exhibits steady state bifurcation for some parameter values. It is concluded from our analysis that endemic level of infective population increases with the increase in rate of transmission of infection due to infective among susceptible class that further enhances because of transmission of infection due to latent hosts. A particular value of disease transmission coefficient r is found for which exposed and infective population dies out. It is found that periodic outbreak of the disease occurs when infection due to exposed and infective class occurs at the same rate. It is also observed from our analysis that although vaccination helps in eradicating polio by decreasing endemic equilibrium level yet careful administration of vaccination is desired because if vaccine is administered during incubation period, endemic equilibrium level increases and disease persists in the population

Analytical study of cause and risk factors of severe anemia in third trimester of pregnancy at tertiary care center

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is a global public health challenge facing the world today. Among the South Asian countries, WHO estimate that India has the highest prevalence of anemia in pregnancy. Prevalence of anemia in pregnant Indian women is 49.7%, against the global prevalence of 41.8% (WHO 2008). In India, the prevalence of anemia is high because of ignorance, poverty, fewer intakes of iron, folic acid and food sources and gender bias significantly contribute to this high prevalence. Hence, this study aims to identify the risk factors and red cell morphological pattern that contribute to the presence and severity of anemia among pregnant women at the Sultania Zanana hospital, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal.Methods: The present study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sultania Zanana Hospital, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. The study included all pregnant women at third trimester who was admitted at Sultania Zanana hospital, Bhopal from January 2016 to December 2016 having haemoglobin level < 7 gm /dl. This is a Hospital- based Observational study. The sample size was calculated to be 500.Results: The following conclusion were drawn from this study. Poverty, early marriage, multiparity, poor nutrition, parasitic infections and lack of antenatal visits and antenatal care due to illiteracy and ignorance are probably the most important features responsible for severity of anemia. Maximum patients of anemia were in the age group of 21-35 Years. The majority of patients (62.8%) were rural. Majority of cases (65.4) belongs to low-socioeconomic class followed by (29.8%) belongs to middle socio-economic category. Most of the patients were multigravida (68.6%) most of them came from poor and illiterate class of society (74.2%) followed by women less than 20-year-old (18.8%). Majority of patients had education level (43.0%) below 10th standard.Conclusions: This study was undertaken to find out the various risk factors that contribute to the severity of anemia

Study of body mass index (BMI) and serum lipid profile of patients at a tertiary hospital: a cross sectional study

Background: Sedentary lifestyle have an impact on the prevalence and incidence of obesity related disorders and leads to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias and metabolic disorders that aggravate the risk in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).Methods: In our study, data of 220 subjects belonging to age group of 25 to 55 years were collected. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Subjects were categorized into two groups (BMI <25 and BMI ≥25). Serum was separated by centrifuging blood at 3000 rpm for 10 min and analyzed for lipid profile on Erba Chem 7 semi-auto analyzer.Results: In our present hospital based study we estimated the Lipid Profile in individuals categorized into two groups. (Group 1 BMI <25) and (Group 2 BMI ≥25), We found the values of Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL in Group 1 are lower as compared to Group 2.Conclusions: Our study showed positive correlation between lipid profile and obesity. Obesity is said to predispose individuals to metabolic syndrome associated diseases

Huge myxoid leiomyoma of cervix presenting as irreducible prolapse- management by vaginal myomectomy

Cervical leiomyoma consists 1-2% of all leiomyoma and myxoid degeneration of cervical fibroid is very rare. We present an old neglected case of huge necrotic cervical leiomyoma presenting with prolapse of mass and pelvic organs in a woman with multiple co-morbidities. Early management was necessary for improving her quality of life and controlling blood sugar. In lack of fitness for anaesthesia we performed her vaginal myomectomy under Intravenous Sedation. Prolapse was reducible and in absence of septic foci blood sugar profile improved. Vaginal myomectomy is a safe and quick procedure with least surgical morbidity and should be considered in cervical fibroids

PRE-ANALYTICAL VARIABLES IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: TRAINING MEDICAL UNDERGRADUATES THROUGH CASE BASED DISCUSSION

Background: Pre-analytical variables in clinical chemistry are factors prior to the biochemical analysis of samples affecting laboratory test results accounting for 32-75% of errors leading to misdiagnosis, decreased quality of medical care services and wastage of monetary resources. Aim: To educate first year medical undergraduates about pre-analytical variables through case based discussion and lecture method of teaching and assess the gain in knowledge by these methods. Methods and material: Two batches of medical students namely A (N=50) and B (N=52) were assessed for their background knowledge on the topic using an MCQ based questionnaire (pre-test). Batch A and B were taught through didactic lecture and case based discussion respectively. Post-test questionnaire was conducted to test the gain in knowledge of both batches. Delayed post-test was conducted after 2 weeks to assess retention of knowledge amongst students. Results: Pre-test scores of Batch A and B were not significantly different indicating that both batches had similar background knowledge of topic. Post-test scores vs. pre-test scores were significantly higher in both batches implying that both batches benefitted from their respective teaching sessions. But post-test score of Batch B was significantly higher than that of Batch A indicating higher gain of knowledge through case based discussion. Delayed post-test score was also significantly higher in Batch B vs. A implying better retention of knowledge through case based discussions. Conclusion: Topic ˜Pre-analytical variables in clinical chemistry must be included in undergraduate medical curriculum. Case based discussion could be an effective module for teaching the same. Key words:&nbsp;Case based discussion; Didactic lecture; Medical students; Medical education; Pre-analytical variables

PRE-ANALYTICAL VARIABLES IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: TRAINING MEDICAL UNDERGRADUATES THROUGH CASE BASED DISCUSSION

Background: Pre-analytical variables in clinical chemistry are factors prior to the biochemical analysis of samples affecting laboratory test results accounting for 32-75% of errors leading to misdiagnosis, decreased quality of medical care services and wastage of monetary resources. Aim: To educate first year medical undergraduates about pre-analytical variables through case based discussion and lecture method of teaching and assess the gain in knowledge by these methods. Methods and material: Two batches of medical students namely A (N=50) and B (N=52) were assessed for their background knowledge on the topic using an MCQ based questionnaire (pre-test). Batch A and B were taught through didactic lecture and case based discussion respectively. Post-test questionnaire was conducted to test the gain in knowledge of both batches. Delayed post-test was conducted after 2 weeks to assess retention of knowledge amongst students. Results: Pre-test scores of Batch A and B were not significantly different indicating that both batches had similar background knowledge of topic. Post-test scores vs. pre-test scores were significantly higher in both batches implying that both batches benefitted from their respective teaching sessions. But post-test score of Batch B was significantly higher than that of Batch A indicating higher gain of knowledge through case based discussion. Delayed post-test score was also significantly higher in Batch B vs. A implying better retention of knowledge through case based discussions. Conclusion: Topic ˜Pre-analytical variables in clinical chemistry must be included in undergraduate medical curriculum. Case based discussion could be an effective module for teaching the same. Key words:&nbsp;Case based discussion; Didactic lecture; Medical students; Medical education; Pre-analytical variables

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome as sequelae of typhoid encephalitis?

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome (DDMS) is characterized by cerebral hemiatrophy with homolateral hypertrophy ofthe skull and sinuses in association with contralateral hemiplegia, seizures, mental retardation, difficulty, and impairmentof speech development. Among the various complications of typhoid fever, neuropsychiatric manifestations constitutea major portion. However, DDMS post typhoid encephalitis has not been reported in the literature. We report a case ofDDMS in an 8-year-old boy who presented with multiple seizures, impaired speech, behavioral changes, and mentalretardation following typhoid encephalitis