6 research outputs found

    Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study innate immune memory

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    Over the last decades, research regarding innate immune responses has gained increasing importance. A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the innate arm of the immune system could show memory traits. Such traits are thought to be conserved throughout evolution and provide a survival advantage. Several models are available to study these mechanisms. Among them, we find the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This non-mammalian model has been widely used for innate immune research since it naturally lacks an adaptive response. Here, we aim to review the latest advances in the study of the memory mechanisms of the innate immune response using this animal model

    Pathogen-derived extracellular vesicles mediate virulence in the fatal human pathogen Cryptococcus gattii

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    Highly virulent cells of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattiigrow rapidly within phagocytes by stimulating the growth of neighbouring fungal cells. Here, Bielska et al. show that this effect is mediated by the release of fungal extracellular vesicles that can be taken up by infected macrophages

    Mycobacterium manresensis induces trained immunity in vitro

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    The COVID-19 pandemic posed a global health crisis, with new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants weakening vaccine-driven protection. Trained immunity could help tackle COVID-19 disease. Our objective was to analyze whether heat-killed Mycobacterium manresensis (hkMm), an environmental mycobacterium, induces trained immunity and confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. To this end, THP-1 cells and primary monocytes were trained with hkMm. The increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-伪), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1尾, and IL-10, metabolic activity, and changes in epigenetic marks suggested hkMm-induced trained immunity in vitro. Healthcare workers at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled into the MANRECOVID19 clinical trial (NCT04452773) and were administered Nyaditum resae (NR, containing hkMm) or placebo. No significant differences in monocyte inflammatory responses or the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were found between the groups, although NR modified the profile of circulating immune cell populations. Our results show that M. manresensis induces trained immunity in vitro but not in vivo when orally administered as NR daily for 14 days. Biological sciences; Molecular biology; Immunology; Microbiolog

    Mycobacterium manresensis induces trained immunity in vitro

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    The COVID-19 pandemic posed a global health crisis, with new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants weakening vaccine-driven protection. Trained immunity could help tackle COVID-19 disease. Our objective was to analyze whether heat-killed Mycobacterium manresensis (hkMm), an environmental mycobacterium, induces trained immunity and confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. To this end, THP-1 cells and primary monocytes were trained with hkMm. The increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-伪), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1尾, and IL-10, metabolic activity, and changes in epigenetic marks suggested hkMm-induced trained immunity in vitro. Healthcare workers at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled into the MANRECOVID19 clinical trial (NCT04452773) and were administered Nyaditum resae (NR, containing hkMm) or placebo. No significant differences in monocyte inflammatory responses or the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were found between the groups, although NR modified the profile of circulating immune cell populations. Our results show that M. manresensis induces trained immunity in vitro but not in vivo when orally administered as NR daily for 14 days.The MANRECOVID19 clinical trial has been sponsored by the Reig Jofre Group. This research was funded by the Consorcio Centro de Investigaci贸n Biom茅dica en Red (CIBERES and CIBEREHD) and the European Union鈥檚 Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 847762. MDH is supported by a Margarita Salas grant from NextGenerationEU. LS-M is supported by Juan de la Cierva fellowship (FJC2019-041213-I). NI-U is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant PID2020-117145RB-I00), EU HORIZON-HLTH-2021-CORONA-01 (grant 101046118), and institutional funding from Grifols, Pharma Mar, HIPRA, Amassence, and Palobiofarma. The Innate Immunity lab and the UTE are accredited by the Catalan Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (2017-SGR-490/2021-SGR-01186, 2021-SGR-00931, and 2017-SGR-500/2021 SGR 00920). IGTP is a member of the CERCA network of institutes supported by the Health Department of the Government of Catalonia.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Deciphering the role of innate immune response in the model of tuberculosis in Drosophila melanogaster

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    Actualment, s'estima que una tercera part de la poblaci贸 mundial est脿 infectada per Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Tot i aix貌, nom茅s un petit percentatge desenvolupar脿 la malaltia activa. S'ha demostrat que aquesta progressi贸 est脿 relacionada amb una infiltraci贸 massiva neutr貌fils a les lesions infectades per Mtb i la posterior inducci贸 d'una resposta immune de tipus Th17. Estudis anteriors d'aquesta Unitat han demostrat que la inducci贸 de c猫l路lules T reguladores (Tregs) mitjan莽ant l'administraci贸 oral repetida de una dosis baixa de Mycolicibacterium manresensis inactivat por calor (khMm) t茅 la capacitat de reduir aquest proc茅s inflamatori. Malgrat aix貌, es desconeixen els mecanismes innats capa莽os d'induir la resposta neutrof铆lica inicial en alguns individus infectats i en d'altres no. La mosca de la fruita Drosophila melanogaster 茅s un model animal que ha estat 脿mpliament utilitzat per comprendre els principis fonamentals de la gen猫tica i la biologia regenerativa, aix铆 como l'estudi de diverses malalties humanes i nous f脿rmacs durant m茅s d'un segle. La similitud d'aquest model amb organismes superiors en les vies i reguladors transcripcionals crucials pel desenvolupament, el metabolisme i la immunitat, juntament amb el creixent inter猫s per buscar nous models animals que ajudin a reduir, perfeccionar i substituir els actuals models de mam铆fers, fan de D. melanogaster un gran candidat per l'estudi de les malalties infeccioses, incloent les causades per micobacteris. La caracteritzaci贸 de la resposta immune innata desencadenada per infecciones micobacterianes en D. melanogaster ha demostrat ser espec铆fica per cada esp猫cie i estar molt vinculada a l'estat metab貌lic de l'hoste, mostrant que un increment metab貌lic ajuda a l'eliminaci贸 de micobacteris innocus, mentre que els patog猫nics s贸n capa莽os de atenuar la resposta. A m茅s a m茅s, tant el sexe com l'estat reproductiu de l'hoste tamb茅 tenen un gran impacte en la regulaci贸 de la resposta immune contra la infecci贸 pel micobacteri patog猫nic Mycobacterium marinum. L'avaluaci贸 de l'efecte protector de l'administraci贸 per via oral de hkMm en ambd贸s sexes, ha demostrat la inducci贸 d'una resposta immune innata inespec铆fica que protegeix les mosques davant la infecci贸 per altres bacteris patog猫nics. Finalment, s'ha estudiat la capacitat d'adaptaci贸 evolutiva de la resposta immune innata de D. melanogaster en mosques exposades a la infecci贸 per M. marinum i/o a l'administraci贸 oral de hkMm durant 10 generacions, revelant que ambd贸s est铆muls s贸n capa莽os d'induir toler脿ncia en l'hoste en front a noves infeccions amb M. marinum, novament revelant l'exist猫ncia d'un dimorfisme sexual en els mecanismes d'adaptaci贸. Posteriors estudis han mostrat que la coevoluci贸 hoste-patogen redueix la virul猫ncia del patogen sense afectar a la superviv猫ncia de l'hoste, mentre que l'adici贸 del tractament oral amb hkMm a l'equaci贸 millora la resposta de l'hoste.Actualmente, se estima que una tercera parte de la poblaci贸n mundial est谩 infectada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Sin embargo, s贸lo un peque帽o porcentaje desarrollar谩 la enfermedad activa. Se ha demostrado que esta progresi贸n est谩 relacionada con una infiltraci贸n masiva neutr贸filos en las lesiones infectadas por Mtb y la posterior inducci贸n de una respuesta inmune de tipo Th17. Estudios anteriores de esta Unidad han demostrado que la inducci贸n de c茅lulas T reguladoras (Tregs) mediante la administraci贸n oral repetida de una dosis baja de Mycolicibacterium manresensis inactivado por calor (khMm) tiene la capacidad de reducir este proceso inflamatorio. A pesar esto, se desconocen los mecanismos innatos capaces de inducir la respuesta neutrof铆lica inicial en algunos individuos infectados y en otros no. La mosca de la fruta Drosophila melanogaster es un modelo animal que ha sido ampliamente utilizado para comprender los principios fundamentales de la gen茅tica y la biolog铆a regenerativa, as铆 como el estudio de diversas enfermedades humanas y nuevos f谩rmacos durante m谩s de un siglo. La similitud de este modelo con organismos superiores en las v铆as y reguladores transcripcionales cruciales para el desarrollo, el metabolismo y la inmunidad, junto con el creciente inter茅s por buscar nuevos modelos animales que ayuden a reducir, perfeccionar y sustituir los actuales modelos de mam铆feros, hacen de D. melanogaster un gran candidato para el estudio de las enfermedades infecciosas, incluyendo las causadas por micobacterias. La caracterizaci贸n de la respuesta inmune innata desencadenada por infecciones micobacterianas en D. melanogaster ha demostrado ser espec铆fica para cada especie y estar muy vinculada al estado metab贸lico del hu茅sped, mostrando que un incremento metab贸lico ayuda a la eliminaci贸n de micobacterias inocuas, mientras que las patog茅nicas son capaces de atenuar la respuesta. Adem谩s, tanto el sexo como el estado reproductivo del hu茅sped tambi茅n tienen un gran impacto en la regulaci贸n de la respuesta inmune contra la infecci贸n por el micobacterio patog茅nico Mycobacterium marinum. La evaluaci贸n del efecto protector de la administraci贸n por v铆a oral de hkMm en ambos sexos, ha demostrado la inducci贸n de una respuesta inmune innata inespec铆fica que protege a las moscas frente a la infecci贸n por otras bacterias patog茅nicas. Por 煤ltimo, se ha estudiado la capacidad de adaptaci贸n evolutiva de la respuesta inmune innata de D. melanogaster en moscas expuestas en la infecci贸n por M. marinum y/o en la administraci贸n oral de hkMm durante 10 generaciones, revelando que ambos est铆mulos son capaces de inducir tolerancia en el hu茅sped frente a nuevas infecciones con M. marinum, de nuevo revelando la existencia de un dimorfismo sexual en los mecanismos de adaptaci贸n. Posteriores estudios han mostrado que la coevoluci贸n hu茅sped-pat贸geno reduce la virulencia del pat贸geno sin afectar a la supervivencia del hu茅sped, mientras que la adici贸n del tratamiento oral con hkMm en la ecuaci贸n mejora la respuesta del hu茅sped.Nowadays it is estimated that a third of the world population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, just a reduced percentage will develop the active disease. It has been shown that this progression is related to massive neutrophil infiltration of lesions infected with Mtb and subsequent induction of a Th17 type immune response. Previous studies from this Unit have shown that the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) by repeated oral administration of a low dose of heatinactivated Mycolicibacterium manresensis (khMm) has the ability to stop this process. However, the innate mechanisms capable of inducing the initial neutrophil response in only some infected individuals are not known. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an animal model that has been highly used for the understanding of fundamental principles of genetics and regenerative biology, as well as for the study of several human diseases and drug discovery for over a century. The resemblance of this model with higher organisms in the pathways and transcriptional regulators that are crucial for development, metabolism and immunity, together with the late increasing interest in finding new animal models that might help reduce, refine and replace the current mammal models, makes of Drosophila melanogaster a great candidate for the study of infectious diseases, including mycobacterial infections. The characterisation of the innate immune response triggered by mycobacterial infections in D. melanogaster has been shown to be species-specific and strongly linked to the metabolic status of the host, showing that a metabolic increase helps to eliminate innocent mycobacteria, while pathogenic mycobacteria are able to attenuate the response. Furthermore, both the sex and reproductive status of the host also have a major impact on the regulation of the immune response against infection by the pathogenic species Mycobacterium marinum. The evaluation of the protective effect of oral administration of hkMm in both sexes has demonstrated the induction of a non-specific innate immune response that protects flies against infection by other pathogenic bacteria. Finally, the evolutionary adaptive capacity of the innate immune response of D. melanogaster has been studied in flies exposed to infection by M. marinum and/or to oral administration of hkMm for 10 generations, revealing that both stimuli are able to induce tolerance in the host to new infections with M. marinum, again revealing the existence of a sexual dimorphism in the adaptation mechanisms. Subsequent studies have shown that host-pathogen co-evolution reduces the virulence of the pathogen without affecting host survival, while the addition of oral treatment with hkMm to the equation improves host response
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