Liderazgo entre iguales en equipos deportivos : elaboración de un instrumento de medida

El presente estudio se ha realizado con el doble objetivo de ampliar el modelo de medida del liderazgo deportivo entre iguales (EELD-30) elaborado por Arce, Torrado, Andrade y Alzate (2011) y a la vez reducir el número de indicadores para mejorar su aplicabilidad. Como resultado, se ha obtenido una versión, denominada EELD-24, con más factores (6 en lugar de 5) y con menor número de ítems (24 en lugar de 30). El ajuste individual de los parámetros (cargas factoriales de los ítems, correlaciones entre factores, y varianzas de los errores de medida) ha sido satisfactorio y los índices de ajuste global del modelo razonables: χ2(242) = 566.278 (p < .001); χ2/df = 2.340; GFI = 0,90; TLI = 0,92; CFI = 0,93; SRMR = 0,058; RMSEA = 0,058 ( I.C. 90%; 0,052; 0,064). También se han obtenido resultados satisfactorios de consistencia interna de los factores, con valores de alpha de Cronbach que oscilan entre 0,76 y 0,86, de validez convergente y discriminante, y de invarianza del modelo de medida. La escala resultante puede ser utilizada con fines profesionales y de investigación con las suficientes garantías psicométricas.The present study was developed with the aim of increasing the assessment model of peer leadership (EELD-30) elaborated by Arce, Torrado, Andrade and Alzate (2011) and, at the same time, shortening the number of indicators in order to improve its applicability. As a result, a new version was obtained, called EELD-24, with one more factor (six instead of five) and fewer items (24 instead of 30). Fit indexes (item loads, factor correlations and error variance) were satisfactory and global fit indexes of the model were reasonable: χ2(242) = 566.278 (p < .001); χ2/df = 2.340; GFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.92; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.058; RMSEA = 0.058 (C.I. 90%; 0.052; 0.064). Apart from this, satisfactory indexes of internal consistence were obtained, with values of Cronbach's Alpha between 0.76 and 0.86, and also convergent and discriminant validity and invariance of the model offer satisfactory results. The final scale can be used both for an applied context and for research with enough psychometric guarantees.O presente estudo foi realizado com um objectivo duplo de ampliar o modelo de medida de liderança desportiva entre pares (EELD-30) elaborado por Arce, Torrado, Andrade e Alzate (2011) e de reduzir o número de indicadores de forma a melhorar a sua aplicabilidade. Como resultado, foi obtida uma versão, denominada EELD-24, com mais factores (seis em vez de cinco) e com menor número de itens (24 em vez de 30). O ajustamento individual dos parâmetros (cargas factoriais dos itens, correlações entre factores e variâncias dos erros de medida) foi satisfatório e os índices de ajustamento global do modelo razoáveis: χ2 (242) = 566.278 (p < .001); χ2/df = 2.340; GFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.92; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.058; RMSEA = 0.058 (I.C. 90%; 0.052; 0.064). De igual modo foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios de consistência interna dos factores, com valores de alfa de Cronbach que oscilam entre os .76 e .86, de validade convergente e discriminante, e de invariância do modelo de medida. A escala resultante pode ser utilizada em contexto aplicado e de investigação com suficientes garantias psicométricas

Adaptación al español de la subescala de Competición del Test of Performance Strategies

Background: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the conceptualisation and assessment of athletes’ psychological skills and the study of their impact on sports performance. The aim of this study was to adapt the Test of Performance Strategies 3 competition subscale to the Spanish context. Method: The items included in the original test in English were translated using a double-back method, and the test was completed by a sample of 1,003 Spanish athletes of both sexes. Analyses of the factorial validity, reliability and invariance of the measurement model were carried out. Results: Favourable evidence was obtained for a measurement model comprising 36 items grouped in 9 factors, similar to the original model. Model fi t was reasonable for both individual parameters and overall. Reliability rates were satisfactory for the overall test and for each factor. Evidence was also favourable for sex-based measurement model invariance. Conclusions: The adaptation is satisfactory and fi t for use by sports psychology researchers and professionals in assessing the psychological skills employed by athletes in competitionAntecedentes: en los últimos años ha crecido el interés por la conceptualización y la evaluación de las habilidades psicológicas de los deportistas y por el estudio de su relación con el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de adaptar al español la subescala de competición del Test of Performance Strategies 3. Método: se siguió un proceso de doble traducción de los ítems del test original en inglés, y se aplicó a una muestra de 1.003 deportistas españoles de ambos sexos. Se realizaron análisis de validez factorial, de fi abilidad y de invarianza del modelo de medida. Resultados: se obtuvo evidencia favorable a un modelo de medida con 36 ítems agrupados en 9 factores, semejante al modelo original. El ajuste del modelo fue razonable a nivel individual de cada parámetro y a nivel global. Los índices de fi abilidad fueron satisfactorios para el total del test y para cada uno de sus factores. También se obtuvieron evidencias favorables a la invarianza del modelo de medida en función del sexo. Conclusiones: la adaptación realizada es satisfactoria y puede ser utilizada por investigadores y profesionales de la psicología del deporte para evaluar las habilidades psicológicas que los deportistas emplean en la competiciónThis research has been carried out with fi nancial support from Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia (ED431B 2016/017)S

Preliminary validation of a Spanish version of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ)

The Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) has showed evidence of its validity and reliability for measuring engagement in athletes. Engagement in athletes is a positive and persistent experience characterized by emotions and cognitions of confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm. The purpose of this study was to adapt the AEQ into Spanish. AEQ-Spanish was administered to a sample of 509 Spanish athletes and data were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The original model comprising four factors (confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm) was replicated. All estimated parameters were statistically significant and overall fit of the model was reasonable (indexes of goodness of fit reached the minimum values). The values of Cronbach's alpha were also satisfactory for each factor with values above .70 cutoff. In conclusion, the Spanish version of AEQ offers similar psychometric properties to the findings in original version and it will allow researchers to carry out research in the Spanish context to identify personal and situational factors that contribute to engagement.El Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) es un instrumento que ha mostrado evidencias de su validez y fiabilidad para la medida del engagement en deportistas. Este se define como una experiencia positiva y mantenida en el tiempo caracterizada por emociones y pensamientos de confianza, vigor, dedicación y entusiasmo. El propósito de este estudio fue adaptar el AEQ al español con una muestra de 509 deportistas españoles. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis factorial confirmatorio, replicándose el modelo original de cuatro factores (confianza, vigor, dedicación y entusiasmo). Todos los parámetros estimados fueron estadísticamente significativos y el ajuste general del modelo fue aceptable, alcanzando los índices de bondad de ajuste los valores mínimos requeridos. Los valores de alfa de Cronbach de cada factor también fueron satisfactorios con valores por encima de .70. Con estos datos, se puede concluir que la versión española de AEQ ofrece propiedades psicométricas similares a la versión original. Por ello, al disponer de una herramienta de medida adecuada, esto permitirá a los investigadores realizar estudios en el contexto español para identificar factores personales y situacionales que contribuyen al engagement

Validación preliminar de una versión española del Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ)

The Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) has showed evidence of its validity and reliability for measuring engagement in athletes. Engagement in athletes is a positive and persistent experience characterized by emotions and cognitions of confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm. The purpose of this study was to adapt the AEQ into Spanish. AEQ-Spanish was administered to a sample of 509 Spanish athletes and data were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The original model comprising four factors (confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm) was replicated. All estimated parameters were statistically significant and overall fit of the model was reasonable (indexes of goodness of fit reached the minimum values). The values of Cronbach´s alpha were also satisfactory for each factor with values above .70 cutoff. In conclusion, the Spanish version of AEQ offers similar psychometric properties to the findings in original version and it will allow researchers to carry out research in the Spanish context to identify personal and situational factors that contribute to engagementThis research has been carried out thanks to the economic support of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project PSI2014-56935-P)S

Multidimensional scaling: recovery of metric information wit incomplete designs

La presente investigación tenía por objeto comprobar la eficiencia de tres diseños incompletos para la selección de datos de entrada, en problemas de Escalamiento MultiDimensional, con un número elevado de estímulos. Los diseños comparados fueron un diseño cíclico (Spence y Domoney, 1974), dos diseños aleatorios y un diseño con las desemejanzas más grandes. Cuando se satisfacía el umbral de información propuesto por Spence y Domoney (1974), todos los diseños empleados mostraron un grado de eficiencia similar. Sin embargo, con cantidades de información inferiores, el diseño cíclico fue el que produjo los peores resultados; mientras que los otros dos tipos de diseños mantenían su eficiencia aún por debajo del umbral, siendo los diseños aleatorios los que permitieron obtener soluciones satisfactorias incluso con las cantidades más bajas de información de entradaThe objective of this investigation was to prove the efficiency of three incomplete designs which can be used to select the data entry in MultiDimensional Scaling when the number of stimuli is high. Three types of designs were compared: a ciclic design (Spence & Domoney, 1974), two aleatory designs and a design with the biggest dissimilarities. When the minimum percentage of necessary information proposed by Spence and Domoney was used, all of the designs showed a similar degree of efficiency. However, with lower levels of information the ciclic design showed the worst results, while the other two types of designs mantained their efficiency, being the aleatory designs the ones which allowed to obtain satisfactory solutions even with the lowest percentages of entry informationS

The Relationship between Motivation and Burnout in Athletes and the Mediating Role of Engagement

The purpose of our research was to analyze the relationship among motivation, burnout, and engagement in sports. Five hundred athletes of both sexes from multiple sports modalities took part, with a mean age of 17.39 years (SD = 4.60). The instruments applied were as follows: Spanish versions of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Pearson correlations showed that motivation is negatively related to burnout and positively to engagement, while burnout and engagement are inversely related to each other. Through structural equation modeling, it was shown that engagement has a mediating role between motivation and burnout. Furthermore, there are no gender differences in this relationship, although there are differences between athletes who practice individual sports and those who practice collective sports. Encouraging high levels of self-determined motivation can help to increase athletes’ degree of engagement and protect them against burnout and sport withdrawalThis work was supported by the following research project: Consolidación 2019 GPC GI-1456 Comportamiento Social y Psicometría Aplicada—COSOYPA, Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional, Xunta de Galicia (grant number: ED431B 2019/0)S

Multidimensional scaling: concept and applications

A través del presente artículo se ofrece una visión conceptual, a la vez que operativa, del concepto de escalamiento multidimensional. En la forma de presentación se busca, en primer lugar, que los psicólogos interesados comprendan lo que es el modelo de escalamiento multidimensional a través de varios ejemplos muy sencillos e intuitivos y, en segundo lugar, adquieran competencias que le permitan resolver distintos problemas de escalamiento multidimensional con el uso de software específico. Se pretende igualmente descargar la presentación de fórmulas y métodos matemáticos sin renunciar por ello al rigor metodológico que el tema requiereThe present article offers a conceptual, and at the same time operative, vision of the concept of multidimensional scaling. In the manner it is presented, the aim is, firstly, to help interested psychologists understand what the multidimensional scaling model is, using a number of simple, intuitive examples; and, secondly, for them to acquire the competence required to resolved different problems in multidimensional scaling through the use of specific software. The aim is also to download the presentation of mathematical formulae and method, without renouncing the methodological rigour that the subject demandsEsta investigación ha sido realizada con la ayuda de la Dirección Xeral de Investigación, Desenvolvemento e Innovación de la Xunta de Galicia (PGIDIT06PXIB211187PR)S

Perfiles de rendimiento de selecciones ganadoras y perdedoras en el Mundial de fútbol Sudáfrica 2010

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la prestación competitiva de equiposde fútbol de alto nivel, con el fin de diferenciar su perfil de rendimiento,tomando como criterio de agrupación el resultado final de los partidos (equipos ganadores vs equipos perdedores). Se aplicó una Batería Multidimensional de Indicadores de Rendimiento (BMIR) compuesta por seis índices: Índice de Iniciativa de Juego (IIJ), Índice de Progresión en el Juego Ofensivo (IPROJO),Índice de Precisión en el Juego Ofensivo (IPREJO), Índice de Volumen de Juego(IVJ), Índice de Carga Física1 (ICF1) e Índice de CargaFísica2 (ICF2). Se analizaron 64 encuentrospertenecientes al Campeonato del Mundo de Fútbol celebrado en Sudáfrica 2010. Análisis estadísticos de comparaciones de medias entre ganadores y perdedorespermitieron concluir que los equipos ganadores presentan valores estadísticamente más altos en cuatro de los seis índices de rendimiento utilizados: IIJ (p 0,05). La utilización por parte de investigadores y entrenadores de la BMIRpuede representar una herramienta muy útil para la evaluación del rendimiento y orientación de los contenidos de entrenamiento en fútbol de alto nivel.The aim of this study was to evaluate the competitive performance of elite football teams in order to differentiate their performance profiles, by taking the final result of the games (winning teams vs. losing teams) as a criterion. We applied a Multi-Dimensional Battery of Performance Indicators (MBPI) comprising six indices: Game Initiative Index (GII), Offensive Game Progression Index (OGPROI), Offensive Game Precision Index (OGPREI), Game Volume Index (GVI), Physical Load Index1 (PLI1) and Physical Load Index2 (PLI2). A total of 64 games from the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa were analysed. Statistical analyses of comparisons of means between winners and losers made it possible to conclude that the winning teams showed statistically higher values in four of the six performance indices used: GII (p .05). The MBPI may prove to be a highly useful tool for researchers and coaches in evaluating performance, and orienting training content in elite football.O objectivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prestação competitiva de equipas de futebol de alto rendimento, visando diferenciar o seu perfil de rendimento, adoptando como critério de agrupamento o resultado final dos jogos (equipas ganhadoras vs equipas perdedoras). Foi aplicada uma Bateria Multidimensional de Indicadores de Rendimento (BMIR) composta por seis índices: Índice de Iniciativa de Jogo (IIJ), Índice de Progressão no Jogo Ofensivo (IPROJO), Índice de Precisão no Jogo Ofensivo (IPREJO), Índice de Volume de Jogo (IVJ), Índice de Carga Física1 (ICF1) e Índice de Carga Física2 (ICF2). Foram analisados 64 jogos pertencentes ao Mundila de Futebol celebrado na África do Sul 2010. As análises estatísticas de comparações de médias entre ganhadores e perdedores permitiram concluir que as equipas ganhadoras apresentam valores estatisticamente mais elevados em quatro dos seis índices de rendimento utilizados: IIJ (p .05). A BMIR pode ser uma ferramenta muito útil para treinadores e investigadores no que concerne à avaliação do rendimento e da orientação de conteúdos do treino no futebol de alto rendimento

A Follow-Up Study of Cognitive Development in Low Risk Preterm Children

The results of a longitudinal study on the cognitive development of one group of full-term and three groups of low risk preterm children with different gestational ages (GA) are presented. The 181 participants were divided into four GA groups of similar size. The aims were: 1) To check if there are differences in cognitive development (measured through the Batelle scale) among the GA groups. 2) To establish the predictive factors of cognitive development at 22 and 60 months of age, taking into account biomedical, environmental and individual factors. The results of the repeated measures ANOVA performed at 22 and 60 months of age indicated that the cognitive trajectories of the four GA groups were similar. Linear regression analyses showed that the effect of the different predictors changed in relation to the time of measurement of cognitive development. Biological factors and the quality of home environment had a moderate effect on the cognitive development at 22 months of age. Cognitive results obtained at 22 months of age, and, to a lesser extent, working memory had the greatest effect on cognitive development at 60 months. GA does not predict cognitive development. Preterm children do not show cognitive delay if they are healthyThis research was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of the Spanish Government, grants number PSI2008-03905, PSI2011-23210 and PSI2015-66697-R to the first authorS

Antecedentes y consecuencias del burnout en deportistas: estrés percibido y depresión

Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among perceived stress, burnout and depression in a sample of athletes. It was hypothesized that stress is an antecedent of burnout and depression a possible consequence of both stress and burnout. Method: A sample of 453 athletes participated in the study. Stress and depression were measured with Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and athlete burnout with Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Data analysis was conducted under the approach of structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: The direct effects of stress on burnout and depression were .66 and .24, respectively, and the direct effect of burnout on depression .53, all of them significant (p<.001). Stress accounted for 43% of the variance of burnout, and jointly stress and burnout for 50% of the variance of depression. Indexes of overall model fit were: χ2 (224)= 520.881 (p<.001), χ2/df=2.32, Goodness of fit index (GFI)=.91, Comparative fit index (CFI)=.89, Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=.054 (90% confidence interval, .048-.060), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR)=.063. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the relationship among stress, burnout and depression in an only model.Antecedentes/Objetivo: El objetivo fue investigar la relación entre estrés percibido, burnout y depresión en deportistas. Se presenta el estrés como antecedente del burnout y la depresión como consecuencia de ambos. Método: Participaron en el estudio 453 deportistas. Estrés y depresión fueron medidos con Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) y burnout en deportistas con Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Los datos fueron analizados desde la perspectiva de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Resultados: El efecto directo del estrés sobre el burnout y la depresión fue de 0,66 y 0,24, respectivamente y el del burnout sobre la depresión de 0,53; todos ellos significativos (p<0,001). El estrés explica el 43% de la varianza del burnout y el estrés conjuntamente con el burnout, el 50% de la varianza de la depresión. Los índices de ajuste del modelo fueron: χ2 (224)= 520,881 (p <0,001), χ2/df=2,32, el índice de bondad de ajuste (GFI)=0,91, el índice de bondad de ajuste comparativo (CFI)= 0,89, la raíz del residuo cuadrático promedio de aproximación (RMSEA)=0,054 (90% intervalo de confianza, 0,048-0,060) y raíz cuadrada de la media cuadrática del residual estandarizado (SRMR)=0,063. Conclusiones: Este estudio permite conocer la relación existente entre estrés, burnout y depresión en un único modelo.This research has been carried out with financial support from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (PSI2014-56935-P).S