Municipal Reform on the Island of Montreal: Tensions Between Two Majority Groups in a Multicultural City

For several years now, many cities across the world have undergone, for administrative and political reasons, mergers that have considerably reduced the number of municipalities on a given territory. This tendency affects various urban contexts, as evidenced by recent mergers in Toronto, Ottawa and Halifax (Canada), Baltimore (United States), and in other countries such as Scotland, Australia and England. Quebec has not escaped this trend, and since January 1st 2002, six major urban areas were created. While mergers now constitute a familiar occurrence, the processes they entail differ considerably from site to site, questioning existing power structures, administrative procedures, and modes of belonging. In Quebec, the case of Montreal stands out, because of its strategic economic position, and also because of the historical and often conflictual relations between its diverse ethnic and linguistic collectivities. This paper examines how the merger of twenty-nine municipalities on the island of Montreal into a single city now composed of twenty-seven boroughs, modifies the relations between the two dominant majorities and, more specifically, the capacity of English Canadians to control their institutions and daily affairs. Does this transformation, which involves the disappearance of municipalities, some of which were governed by English Canadians and other Anglophones, follow the trend observed in Quebec since the sixties, involving a loss in the latter’s institutional completeness, organizational capacity, and spheres of autonomy?Municipal Reform, Conflict, Tension, Multiculturalism

Les minorités ethniques et l'État québécois : participation et représentations sociales des associations de groupes ethniques minoritaires lors de commissions parlementaires, 1974-2000

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

Le débat sur la réforme municipale à Montréal. La place de la variable linguistique

Fortement médiatisé, le débat sur les fusions municipales a occupé le devant de la scène montréalaise pendant les deux années qui ont précédé l’entrée en vigueur de la loi créant la nouvelle ville de Montréal en janvier 2002. Abordant la controverse entourant les fusions municipales sous un angle nouveau, cet article la situe dans le contexte de la transformation des rapports interethniques au Québec en mettant l’accent sur la place occupée par la variable linguistique. Pour faire ressortir les enjeux ethniques et linguistiques liés à cette réforme, peu explorés dans les récentes études, nous examinons la façon dont la dimension linguistique a teinté l’ensemble de ce débat et faisons ressortir la centralité de la variable linguistique, d’abord comme argument fondamental des villes à statut bilingue, puis comme transcendant l’ensemble du débat sur les défusions.There are four medium-large cities (MLCs) in Québec, namely : Gatineau, Sherbrooke, Saguenay and Trois-Rivières. They are set apart from the other medium-sized cities by their higher populations, by their more solid and diversified economic base, and by their role as administrative capitals in their respective regions. None of these cities are located in the immediate vicinity of the major urban centres of Montréal and Québec City, and in this sense they do not constitute satellite cities. An analysis of their demographic and economic trends during the period 1971-2000 reveals that Gatineau and Sherbrooke, respectively, have seen the best growth and have the best outlook for the future ; that since the 1990s, Trois-Rivières has had precarious stability, and that the city of Saguenay has been going through a phase of relative decline over the past decade. The total weight of these four MLCs in Québec’s economic and demographic profile is fairly small ; however, they will certainly be at the focus of public policy dealing with the development of the administrative regions of which they serve as the regional hubs

Wafer-scale detachable monocrystalline Germanium nanomembranes for the growth of III-V materials and substrate reuse

Germanium (Ge) is increasingly used as a substrate for high-performance optoelectronic, photovoltaic, and electronic devices. These devices are usually grown on thick and rigid Ge substrates manufactured by classical wafering techniques. Nanomembranes (NMs) provide an alternative to this approach while offering wafer-scale lateral dimensions, weight reduction, limitation of waste, and cost effectiveness. Herein, we introduce the Porous germanium Efficient Epitaxial LayEr Release (PEELER) process, which consists of the fabrication of wafer-scale detachable monocrystalline Ge NMs on porous Ge (PGe) and substrate reuse. We demonstrate monocrystalline Ge NMs with surface roughness below 1 nm on top of nanoengineered void layer enabling layer detachment. Furthermore, these Ge NMs exhibit compatibility with the growth of III-V materials. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) characterization shows Ge NMs crystallinity and high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) reciprocal space mapping endorses high-quality GaAs layers. Finally, we demonstrate the chemical reconditioning process of the Ge substrate, allowing its reuse, to produce multiple free-standing NMs from a single parent wafer. The PEELER process significantly reduces the consumption of Ge during the fabrication process which paves the way for a new generation of low-cost flexible optoelectronics devices.Comment: 17 pages and 6 figures along with 3 figures in supporting informatio