High Electricity Generation using Oscillations of Pendulum

Power generation is one of the major factors in the recent years. To reduce this problem resources like solar energy, wind energy, thermal energy, hydel energy, nuclear energy, etc. have been used. Since with all these above energy resources, we are facing power crisis due to many factors. Future energy sustainability depends heavily on how the renewable energy problem is addressed in the next few decades. The main problems with these energy sources are cost and availability. Wind and solar power are not always available where and when needed. So to avoid these problems renewable energy sources can be used. In this project, the simple pendulum concept is used. The simple pendulum setup with gear mechanism and wiper motor through a PIC microcontroller and relay is employed as it does not require large external energy. The gear mechanism and wiper motor is used along the simple pendulum in order to obtain continuous oscillations where the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy

WEED REMOVING MACHINE FOR AGRICULTURE

The effective design of weed removing machine is to minimize the time taken for removing weed present between the growing plants.The vertical adjustment is to increase and decrease the height of the secondary rotating shaft and the rotary blades.It is mainly focused to increase the growth rate of plants.The horizontal distance can be adjusted by increasing the distance between the individual blades of the machine.The blades are rotated in clockwise direction with respect to the weed elimination.The depth of the removal is controlled by the handle.The power is transmitted from engine to the primary shaft.The primary shaft is connected to secondary shaft.The cam shape of shaft is to transmit the power to the blade by using chain drive.The specification of design is the number of blades, which can be increased and decreased with respect to our requirement.The compact design is very helpful for in the field of agriculture

Incorporation of Si atoms into CrCoNiFe high-entropy alloy:a DFT study

Abstract Density functional theory based computational study has been conducted in order to investigate the effect of substitution of Cr and Co components by Si on the structure, mechanical, electronic, and magnetic properties of the high entropy alloy CrCoNiFe. It is found that the presence of a moderate concentration of Si substitutes (up to 12.5%) does not significantly reduce the structural and mechanical stability of CrCoNiFe while it may modify its electronic and magnetic properties. Based on that, Si is proposed as a cheap and functional material for partial substitution of Cr or Co in CrCoNiFe

Re-examining the giant magnetization density in α′′-Fe16N2 with the SCAN+U method

Abstract We present an in-depth discussion of the magnetic ground state of α′′-Fe16N2 within the framework of the density functional theory (DFT). The exchange–correlation effects are treated using a variety of schemes, including the local-spin-density approximation, the generalized-gradient approximation, and the Strongly-Constrained-and-Appropriately-Normed (SCAN) scheme. We also delineate effects of adding an on-site interaction parameter U on the Fe sites. Among all the schemes considered, only SCAN+U is found to capture the surprisingly large magnetization density in α′′-Fe16N2 that has been observed experimentally. Our study shows how the combination of SCAN and self-interaction corrections applied on different Fe sites through the parameter U can reproduce both the correct equilibrium volume and the giant magnetization density of α′′-Fe16N2

Diurnal variation of optical coherence tomography–based macular fluid in exudative age-related macular degeneration

Abstract Background Significant diurnal fluctuation of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based macular fluid occurs in patients with several macular conditions including diabetic macular edema (DME) and cystoid macular edema due to retinal venous occlusion (RVO). OCT imaging and analysis of macular fluid status plays a central role in clinical management of exudative age-related macular degeneration (eAMD), however diurnal variation of eAMD OCT findings has not yet been formally studied. Herein, we investigate whether clinically meaningful fluctuation of OCT-based macular fluid occurs in patients with eAMD. Methods Prospective observational study. Patients with eAMD and intra- and/or sub-retinal fluid on early AM OCT were enrolled to receive two consecutive OCT scans at least four hours later. Retinal layers were manually segmented on all OCT rasters and AM-to-PM and PM-to-PM image pairs were analyzed for total retinal and neurosensory retinal volume changes within the central 1 and 3 mm ETDRS subfields. Finally, two masked retinal specialists analyzed all OCT image pairs for qualitative differences that may impact clinical management. Results 21 patients with eAMD and fluid on OCT were recruited between January 2020 and November 2021. There was no mean difference between AM and PM central 3 mm total retinal volume (p = 0.56), central 3 mm neurosensory retinal volume (p = 0.25), central 1 mm total retinal mean thickness (p = 0.96), or central 1 mm neurosensory retinal mean thickness (p = 0.63), nor were any differences identified in PM-to-PM control comparisons. Qualitative analysis by two masked experts identified no clinically significant differences between any AM-to-PM OCT image pairs. Conclusions No significant diurnal variation in OCT-based macular fluid or thickness was identified in patients with eAMD, either quantitatively or qualitatively

Novel metalless chalcogen-based Janus layers:a density functional theory study

Abstract The electronic, thermodynamic, and optical properties of a new type of two-dimensional Janus layer (JL) consisting exclusively of chalcogens are investigated using first-principles calculations. The permutations on atomic sites provide increased stability due to the multi-valency of chalcogens, and a heavier central atom further stabilizes the layer due to the increased coordination number. The investigated JLs are indirect bandgap materials with a bandgap larger than 1.23 eV, making them suitable for photocatalytic activity. Different feasible chemical potentials are analyzed, and chalcogens’ poor limits are proposed to fabricate the JLs. Based on the comparison of the formation energy, the energetic profile of the JLs is identified as EfTeSeS < E fSSeTe < EfSeSTe, irrespective of the chemical potentials of chalcogen. Hence, TeSeS is more stable than the JL arrangements SSeTe and SeSTe. The flat bands around the Fermi energy level and the reduction in path length between the maximum of conduction and minimum of valence bands explain the magnitude of multiple peaks observed in the optical spectra of the JLs. These absorptions turn the studied JLs into potential candidates for water splitting. The optimized bandgap reveals that the band edges efficiently straddle the water redox potentials at different pH levels. In addition, the positive vibrational frequencies depict the stability of these layers. Because of the minimal formation energy requirement, higher density of states around the Fermi level, as well as enhanced optical absorption compared to other JL, TeSeS JLs may lead to enhanced performance in photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications. These results add new members to the JL family of pure chalcogens and pave the way toward novel materials for respective applications

Embrittlement analysis of ∑5[210]/(−1−20)∑5[210]/(−1−20) FeAl grain boundary in presence of defects:an ab initio study

Abstract Iron aluminide (FeAl) inter-metallic compounds are potential candidates for structural applications at high temperatures owing to their superior corrosion resistance, high temperature oxidation, low density and inexpensive material cost. However, the presence of defects can lead to reduction in the strength and ductility of FeAl-based materials. Here we present a density functional theory (DFT) study of the effect of the presence of defects including Fe and Al vacancies as well as H dopants at the substitutional and interstitial sites at a Embrittlement analysis of $\sum {{{{5}\left[ {{21}0} \right]} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{5}\left[ {{21}0} \right]} {\left( {\overline{1}\overline{2}0} \right)}}} \right.} {\left( {\overline{1}\overline{2}0} \right)}}}$ FeAl grain boundary in presence of defects : an ab initio study FeAl grain boundary focusing on the energetics. The plane wave pseudopotential code Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) in the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) is used to carry out the computations. The formation energy calculations showed that intrinsic defects such as Fe and Al vacancies probably form at the GB, indicated by their negative formation energies. These vacancies can further form defect complexes with H impurities, indicated by lowered formation energies, compact bonds and charge gain of H atoms. Electronic structure analysis showed stronger hybridization of 1s orbitals of H with Fe and Al atoms, which leads to the stabilization of these defects resulting in degradation of material strength