RESISTANCE OF TWO BAMBOO SPECIES TREATED WITH CCB AGAINST TERMITES AND XILOPHAGOUS BEETLES

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a efici\ueancia do preservativo CCB na melhoria da resist\ueancia de duas esp\ue9cies de bambu ( Bambusa vulgaris e Dendrocalamus giganteus ) \ue0 a\ue7\ue3o de cupins e cole\uf3pteros xil\uf3fagos. As hastes de bambu coletadas nas proximidades dos munic\uedpios de Alegre e Jer\uf4nimo Monteiro, sul do Esp\uedrito Santo, foram transformadas em colmos de 2,0 m de comprimento e tratadas em solu\ue7\ue3o de 1 ou 3% de ingredientes ativos (i.a.) do produto comercial \u201cMOQ OX 50\u201d, \ue0 base de cobre, cromo e boro (CCB). Os m\ue9todos de tratamento empregados foram os de transpira\ue7\ue3o radial (diafragma integro e rompido), imers\ue3o prolongada e Boucherie modificado. Nos m\ue9todos por transpira\ue7\ue3o radial e imers\ue3o prolongada, os colmos foram expostos nas solu\ue7\uf5es por per\uedodos de 5, 10 ou 15 dias, j\ue1 no m\ue9todo de Boucherie modificado n\ue3o houve segrega\ue7\ue3o entre os tempos de tratamento. Para avaliar a efici\ueancia dos m\ue9todos, foram retiradas amostras na posi\ue7\ue3o a 50 cm da base dos colmos. Nos ensaios foram utilizados t\ue9rmitas da esp\ue9cie Nasutitermes corniger e o cole\uf3ptero Dinoderus minutus . A partir das an\ue1lises dos resultados obtidos, foi verificado que, as duas esp\ue9cies de bambu tratadas apresentaram alta resist\ueancia ao ataque dos cupins e cole\uf3pteros, e inclusive as amostras n\ue3o tratadas apresentaram baixa perda de massa quando submetidas aos ensaios.The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CCB preservative in improving the resistance of two bamboo species ( Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus giganteus ) the action of termites and xylophagous beetles. The bamboo stems collected in the vicinity of Alegre and Jer\uf4nimo Monteiro, towns of southern Esp\uedrito Santo state, Brazil, were transformed into culms of 2.0 m long and treated in a solution of 1 or 3% active ingredient (a.i.) of the commercial product \u201cMOQ OX 50\u201d, based on copper, chromium and boron (CCB).The treatment methods used were the sap displacement (intact and ruptured diaphragm), long-term immersion and Boucherie modified. In the methods by sap displacement and the long-term immersion the stems were exposed in solutions for periods of 5, 10 or 15 days, and in Boucherie\u2019s modified method of treatment there was no segregation between treatment times. To assess the efficiency of the methods, test samples were taken at the position of 50 cm from the base of the stems. In the tests, the termite species Nasutitermes corniger and the beetle Dinoderus minutus were used. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it was found that the two species of bamboo treated showed high resistance to attack by termites and beetles, and including untreated samples showed low mass loss when subjected to the tests

INFLUENCE OF DIAPHRAGM IN THE PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT OF TWO BAMBOO SPECIES BY SAP DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influ\ueancia da remo\ue7\ue3o do diafragma na qualidade do tratamento preservativo de colmos de bambu das esp\ue9cies Dendrocalamus giganteus e Bambusa vulgaris submetidos aom\ue9todo de substitui\ue7\ue3o de seiva. Os bambus foram colhidos em touceiras em Alegre e Jer\uf4nimo Monteiro, Sul do Esp\uedrito Santo. As hastes foram secionadas em colmos de 2,0 m de comprimento. Uma parte dos colmos teve o diafragma removido, enquanto na outra foram mantidos intactos. Os colmos foram tratados em solu\ue7\uf5es de 1 e 3% de ingredientes ativos (i.a.) de borato de cobre cromatado (CCB). Os colmos foram mantidos na solu\ue7\ue3o por 5, 10 e 15 dias. Foi avaliada a qualidade do tratamento preservativo por meio da penetra\ue7\ue3o e da reten\ue7\ue3o do CCB nos colmos. Houve maior penetra\ue7\ue3o de cobre e boro na base dos colmos, a remo\ue7\ue3o do diafragma proporcionou maior movimenta\ue7\ue3o da solu\ue7\ue3o nos colmos e a reten\ue7\ue3o obtida ficou, para a maioria das condi\ue7\uf5es testadas, abaixo daquela recomendada pelas normas brasileiras para o tratamento preservativo da madeira.This research aimed to evaluate the influence of removing the diaphragm on the quality of the preservative treatment of bamboo culms of Dendrocalamus giganteus and Bambusa vulgaris submitted to sap displacement method. The bamboos were collected in clumps in Alegre and Jer\uf4nimo Monteiro, south of Esp\uedrito Santo state, Brazil. The stems were sectioned in culms of 2.0 m in length. One part of the culms had the diaphragm removed while in the other they were kept unbroken. The culms were treated in soutions of 1% and 3% of active ingredients (a.i.) of copper, chromated copper borate (CCB). The culms were kept in the solution for 5, 10 and 15 days. The preservative treatment quality was evaluated by means of penetration and retention of CCB in culms. There was greater penetration of copper and boron at the base of the culms, the removing of the diaphragm provided greater movement of the solution in the culms and the retention was, for most treatment conditions, below than the one recommended by Brazilian standards for wood preservative treatment

Gasification of lignocellulosic materials for generation of electric energy.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir um gaseificador contracorrente em alvenaria para avaliar o potencial de gera\ue7\ue3o de energia el\ue9trica de esp\ue9cies de eucalipto cultivadas no estado de Minas Gerais, de res\uedduos da agroind\ufastria e da mistura desses materiais. Determinaram-se a composi\ue7\ue3o qu\uedmica imediata e o poder calor\uedfico dos materiais utilizados. Experimentaram-se os diferentes materiais lignocelul\uf3sicos e a gasolina, como testemunha. Para os fatores testados, foram executadas medi\ue7\uf5es dos rendimentos el\ue9tricos e de consumos dos materiais. O delineamento estat\uedstico foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 17 tratamentos e tr\ueas repeti\ue7\uf5es e as an\ue1lises estat\uedsticas feitas a 5% de signific\ue2ncia. Com base nos resultados obtidos e nas an\ue1lises estat\uedsticas realizadas, concluiu\u2013se que o conjunto gaseificador-gerador \ue9 de f\ue1cil constru\ue7\ue3o, fabricado com materiais de f\ue1cil aquisi\ue7\ue3o e de custo reduzido; dentre os materiais avaliados o carv\ue3o da esp\ue9cie Corimbia citriodora, com 78% de carbono fixo, apresentou o melhor desempenho de pot\ueancia gerada, obtendo-se 1.391 watts, com tens\ue3o constante de 230 volts. Os res\uedduos utilizados de baga\ue7o de cana, palha de arroz, casca de caf\ue9, sabugo de milho e moinha de carv\ue3o n\ue3o apresentaram potencial para gera\ue7\ue3o de energia pelo tipo de gaseificador utilizado.The objective of this work was to build a countercurrent gasifier in hardened mortar to evaluate the potential of generating electrical energy of eucalyptus species grown in the state of Minas Gerais, from agroindustry residues and from the mixture of those materials. The immediate chemical composition and the heat power of the materials utilized were determined. The different lignocellulosic materials were experienced, and gas was used as the control. For the factors being tested, measurements of the electric yields and consumptions of the materials were performed. The statistical design was the completely randomized with seventeen treatments and three replicates done at 5% of significance. On the basis of the results obtained and on the statistical analyses performed, it follows that the gasifier-generator set is easy to build, made with easily purchased and low cost materials. Among the materials evaluated the coal of the species, Corimbia citriodora, with 78% of fixed carbon, presented the best performance of generated power, obtaining 1,391 watts, with a constant tension of 230 volts. The residues utilized of cane bagasse, rice straw, corn cob, coffee husk and coal chaff presented no potential to generate energy by the sort of gasifier utilized. Keywords: gasification; electric power; plant coal; residues

Estimativa da idade de segrega\ue7\ue3o do lenho juvenil e adulto por meio de par\ue2metros anat\uf4micos para madeira de Luehea divaricata Mart

Este estudo teve como objetivo delimitar a idade de matura\ue7\ue3o do lenho usando-se de caracter\uedsticas anat\uf4micas da madeira de Luehea divaricata Mart. (a\ue7oita-cavalo), por meio da segrega\ue7\ue3o dos lenhos juvenil e adulto. Para tanto, foram eleitas tr\ueas \ue1rvores adultas, de fuste reto e cil\uedndrico, com di\ue2metro superior a 30 cm, a 1,30 m de altura (DAP), coletadas na Encosta Superior do Nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. De cada \ue1rvore, a 0,10 m de altura da base do tronco, foi extra\ueddo um disco com aproximadamente 2 cm de espessura. Com aux\uedlio de uma serra de fita, retirou-se de cada disco uma bagueta central, de 2 cm de largura, bem orientada no sentido radial, incluindo a medula no centro desta, dividindo-se a medula em duas amostras. Dentre as amostras sorteou-se uma e separou-se apenas o lenho inicial de cada anel de crescimento para a macera\ue7\ue3o (m\ue9todo de Jeffrey). Com aux\uedlio de um microsc\uf3pio esterosc\uf3pio equipado com r\ue9gua microm\ue9trica mediram-se primeiramente as dimens\uf5es individuais relativas ao comprimento, di\ue2metro e di\ue2metro do lume de cem fibras no anel de crescimento pr\uf3ximo \ue0 casca, e posteriormente, definiram-se trinta fibras, selecionadas ao acaso por anel de crescimento, como estatisticamente suficiente. A espessura da parede celular das fibras foi obtida pela metade da diferen\ue7a entre os di\ue2metros da fibra e do lume. A segrega\ue7\ue3o dos dois tipos de lenho foi avaliada com base na varia\ue7\ue3o radial das caracter\uedsticas anat\uf4micas (comprimento, di\ue2metro, di\ue2metro do lume e espessura da parede das fibras), por meio de regress\ue3o linear simples. Os resultados indicaram que, dentre as caracter\uedsticas estudadas, o comprimento de fibra foi a que melhor definiu o ano de segrega\ue7\ue3o dos lenhos juvenil-adulto, estimado em 21 anos, aproximadamente. Por sua vez, os par\ue2metros anat\uf4micos di\ue2metro das fibras, di\ue2metro do lume e espessura da parede das fibras mostraram-se inadequados para a estimativa da idade de segrega\ue7\ue3o, devido aos baixos coeficientes de determina\ue7\ue3o dos modelos estat\uedsticos testados.This study aimed at determining the age of demarcation of juvenile and mature wood of Luehea divaricata Mart., using anatomical characteristics. Three adult trees, in good trunk, with diameter at DBH larger than 30 cm, from Encosta Superior do Nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, were selected. Discs with thickness of 2 cm at 0.1 m of height from the base of the trunk were used. From each disc a radial ribbon 2 cm wide including the pith was removed. The initial wood of each growth ring was separated for maceration (method of Jeffrey). There were measured length and diameter of thirty fibers from each growth ring. Demarcation of the two types of wood was defined by the radial variation (pith-bark) of the anatomical characteristics (length, diameter, width of the lumen and wall thickness of fibers), using simple linear regression. Results indicate that fiber length is the best characteristic, while fiber diameter, lumen width and wall thickness were considered inadequate for demarcation. The age of demarcation of juvenile and mature wood of Luehea divaricata was defined as 21 years-old, approximately