Annenin Sürekli Kaygısı ile Bebeğin Stres Tepkiselliği İlişkisinde Bakım Verme Davranışlarının Rolü.

Maternal caregiving behaviors are one of the most important factors preparing the infant to life outside. So far quality of maternal sensitivity has been found to shape stress reactivity of infants through biological changes in brain regions related to stress in the rat. That is, an intergenerational transmission of stress reactivity from mother to infants occurs by means of maternal sensitivity. Studies with human mother-infant dyads, although limited, imply a similar relationship. Hence, the current study aims to investigate if the link between maternal anxiety and infant stress reactivity is mediated by maternal sensitivity in infants between the ages of 8 and 13 months. Sixty mother-infant dyads participated in the study. All participants were visited at home setting for approximately 3 hours. Maternal anxiety was measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and infant stress reactivity with soothability and falling reactivity subscales of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ). Maternal sensitivity was assessed with the Maternal Behavior Q-Set (MBQS) following naturalistic observations. The results demonstrated that while maternal trait anxiety predicted infant stress reactivity, maternal sensitivity did not. Rather than global sensitivity, specific caregiving behaviors related to infant soothability and reactivity mediated the relationship between maternal trait anxiety and infant stress reactivity. Therefore, results indicated that an intergenerational transmission of stress reactivity through caregiving behaviors might be present in humans as well. Future studies should further investigate this issue via observational and biological measures of infant stress reactivity.M.S. - Master of Scienc

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Türkiye'de anne bakım verme davranışlarındaki farklılıklar ve bu farklılıkların psikolojik stresle ilişkisi: bir doğal gözlem çalışması [Naturally occurring variations in maternal caregiving in Turkey and associations with psychological distress: an observational study]

Bu çalışmanın amacı, annelerin bakım verme davranışlarındaki bireysel farklılıkları belirlemektir. Annelerin 7-13 ay yaş aralığındaki bebekleriyle olan etkileşimleri üç saatlik yoğun ev ziyaretlerinde Anne Davranışları Sınıflandırma Seti kullanılarak gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırmaya toplam 112 anne-bebek çifti katılmıştır. Q-faktör analizleri sonucunda iki farklı bakım verme profili ortaya çıkmıştır. İlk profil, sıcaklık/duyarlılık, bebeklerinin ihtiyaç ve isteklerine karşı duyarlı olan, bebekle olan yakın etkileşimden keyif alan ve etkileşimler sırasında bebeğin hızına uyum sağlayan anneleri tanımlamaktadır. Kayıtsızlık/mesafelilik olarak adlandırdığımız ikinci profil ise bebeklerin ihtiyaçlarına karşı ilgisiz ve sadece bebeğin ısrarla ilgi istediği durumlarda cevap veren anneleri tanımlamaktadır. Ayrıca, annenin psikolojik stresi kayıtsızlık/mesafelilik ile pozitif ilişki göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, annelerin günlük bakım verme davranışlarındaki kişisel farklılıkların tek bir duyarlılık boyutundan daha fazlasını temsil ettiğini göstermektedir

Caregiving profiles of mothers in an economically disadvantaged sample from Turkey: an observational study

Objective: This study aims to investigate the patterns of maternal sensitivity via structured and systematic observational methods among mothers from a disadvantaged community in Turkey. Background: Caregiving sensitivity is shaped by cultural parenting ethnotheories, and there is a need to examine in non-Western cultures to see its universal and culturally-specific features. Method: Ninety-eight mothers and their interactions with infants were videotaped during home-visits, and their caregiving behaviours were assessed via the Maternal Behaviour Q-Set. Results: Results of the Q-factor analysis revealed two distinct caregiving profiles. The first profile, 'sensitivity vs. insensitivity', describes mothers who were characterised by sensitive behaviours to their babies, and acceptance of their infant. Mothers in this group were more aware and responsive to their babies' needs and demands. The second profile, 'nonsynchronous vs. synchronous', describes mothers who showed noncontingent behaviours during interactions such as being unable to follow the pace of the infant or to respond to infants' needs on time. Conclusion: This study contributes to the literature by showing that mothers from Turkey can be grouped in terms of sensitivity similar to the previous studies, although the descriptive behaviours of sensitivity may vary

Maternal reflective functioning and intergenerational transmission of attachment orientations in Poland, the Netherlands, and Turkey

Within the intergenerational transmission of attachment framework, this study examines the mediating role of maternal reflective functioning between mother and child attachment orientations (attachment anxiety and avoidance) in middle childhood among mother-child dyads in Poland, the Netherlands, and Turkey. Mothers (N = 758; M age = 38.5) and their children (M age = 10.0) separately completed measures of attachment anxiety and avoidance. Mothers also completed the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire. Results of the mediated models showed that the prementalizing dimension of reflective functioning strongly mediated the effects of both mother attachment anxiety and avoidance on child attachment anxiety and avoidance. The mediating power of prementalizing was stronger for attachment anxiety than attachment avoidance, and its effects were stronger for mother-child dyads from Poland and Turkey than those from the Netherlands. Findings are discussed considering the cultural and developmental implications of reflective functioning and the transmission effect

Associations among maternal positivity, negativity and child attachment in the Netherlands, Poland, and Turkey

This study addresses how maternal positivity and negativity toward a child in three countries, separately and in combination are related to attachment in middle childhood. We first developed an ecologically valid emic measure of the Maternal Positivity-Negativity Scale through an interview-based study (90 mothers) and then tested our hypotheses in a separate study. The child’s attachment security (where the child uses the mother as a safe haven and secure base) and insecurity (attachment anxiety and avoidance) were assessed using standard measures. Equal numbers of mothers and their children between 8 and 12 years of age from Poland, Turkey, and the Netherlands participated in the main study (756 dyads). Results revealed that: (1) maternal positivity was more strongly associated, than maternal negativity, with child security; (2) maternal negativity was more strongly associated, than maternal positivity, with child anxiety, and its relation was stronger when maternal positivity was low; (3) maternal negativity was more strongly associated with child anxiety than with child avoidance; (4) the maternal positivity-over-negativity prevalence index was related to child attachment security and insecurity; (5) relations between maternal positivity and child attachment were moderated by culture. Results are discussed considering attachment in middle childhood and culture-related perspectives

Prenatal Programming of Neurodevelopment: Structural and Functional Changes

Prenatal maternal stress is highly prevalent and predicts many child psychopathologies. Here, we apply the fetal programming hypothesis as an organizational framework to address the possibility that exposure to maternal stress during pregnancy affects fetal neurodevelopmental pathways that enhance risk for subsequent psychopathology. This chapter evaluates the empirical literature assessing the ontogenetic influences of prenatal maternal stress on child brain maturation. We conducted a systematic review investigating prenatal stress broadly defined and any direct measure of brain development including electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP), structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Lastly, we propose the following areas as promising avenues of future research to further elucidate the underlying etiology of such findings: investigation of sex/gender specific mechanisms, genetic interactions, pre- and postnatal effects, and opportunities for intervention.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/psychology_books/1026/thumbnail.jp

Anne Duyarlılık Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları

In the present study, reliability and validity of Maternal Sensitivity Scale (MSS) which is based on the items of Maternal Behavior Q-Sort (MBQS; Pederson ve Moran, 1995; Sümer, Sayıl, & Berument, 2016) were evaluated. A 29-item observational scale of mother-child interactions was constructed on the basis of MBQS. One hundred and twenty mother-child (18-36 months of age) dyads participated in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured home visits (lasting around 45 minutes), and each home visit was video-taped and coded later. Based on the results of factor analysis, two items were dropped from the scale and 3-factor structure (support/encouragement, responsiveness, and warmth) was obtained. Internal consistency of the whole questionnaire was found as .92, whereas internal consistencies of sub-factors ranged between .78 and .91. On the other hand, concurrent validity of MSS was evaluated by examining its association with MBQS scores based on 30 videotapes. The significant correlation between these two measures was .67, demonstrating the scale’s concurrent validity. Besides, criterion validity of MSS was tested by examining the correlation of maternal sensitivity scores with children’s secure attachment and mothers’ education level. These correlations were significant (.42 for secure attachment and .44 for maternal education), indicating criterion validity of MSS. Therefore, it can be stated that Maternal Sensitivity Scale is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used by researchers.Bu çalışmada, Anne Davranışları Sınıflandırma Seti (ADSS; Pederson ve Moran, 1995; Sümer, Sayıl ve Berument, 2016) maddeleri esas alınarak oluşturulan Anne Duyarlılık Ölçeği’nin (ADÖ) geçerlik ve güvenirliği test edilmiştir. ADSS maddelerinden yola çıkılarak, gözleme dayanan 29 maddelik bir ölçüm aracı oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın örneklemi 18-36 ay aralığındaki 120 çocuk ve annelerinden oluşmaktadır. Ev ziyaretleri sırasında, yarı- yapılandırılmış 45 dakikalık gözlemler videoya çekilmiş ve iki farklı değerlendirici tarafından kodlanmıştır. Yapılan faktör analizi sonuçlarında, 2 madde çıkarılmış ve 3 faktörlü bir yapı (destekleme/teşvik etme, çocuğun ihtiyacını karşılama ve duygusal sıcaklık) görülmüştür. Bütün ölçeğin iç tutarlılığı .92, alt faktörlerin iç tutarlılıkları ise .78 ile .91 aralığında bulunmuştur. ADÖ’nün çakışmalı geçerliği, 30 video üzerinden ADSS ile korelasyonu bakılarak incelenmiş ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunan .67 korelasyon, ADÖ’nün çakışmalı geçerliğinin olduğunu göstermiştir. ADÖ’nün kriter geçerliği ise güvenli bağlanma örüntüsü ve annenin eğitimi ile ilişkisine bakılarak test edilmiştir. Güvenli bağlanma ile bulunan .42 korelasyon ve annenin eğitimi ile bulunan .44 korelasyon ise, ADÖ’nün kriter geçerliğinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla ADÖ’nün, akademik çalışmalarda kullanılmak için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır

Adverse and Benevolent Childhood Experiences Predict Prenatal Sleep Quality.

The objective of the study was to investigate whether adverse and benevolent childhood experiences were associated with trajectories of sleep quality throughout pregnancy. The study was conducted at obstetrics and gynecology clinics in the Rocky Mountain region of the USA. The participants of the study were pregnant individuals (N = 164). Sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at three gestational time points, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) were assessed once. Multilevel models were conducted to examine the trajectory of sleep quality across gestation in relation to ACEs and BCEs. Sleep quality was similar in early to mid-pregnancy, with a worsening of sleep quality late in pregnancy, following a quadratic trajectory. Higher levels of ACEs predicted poorer prenatal sleep quality (b = 0.36, SE = 0.13, p = .004) throughout pregnancy, while higher levels of BCEs predicted better sleep quality (b = -0.60, SE = 0.17, p < .001) throughout pregnancy. Examination of ACEs subtypes revealed that childhood maltreatment predicted poor sleep quality (b = 0.66, SE = 0.18, p < .001), while childhood household dysfunction was not significantly associated (b = 0.33, SE = 0.21, p = .11). Associations remained after covarying for socioeconomic status and current stressful life events. Both adverse and benevolent childhood experiences predict sleep health during pregnancy. Prevention and intervention strategies targeting resilience and sleep quality during pregnancy should be implemented to promote prenatal health and well-being