Gaining comprehensive data about sexual knowledge through surveys

Background: Delivery of sexual health services rely on rigorous facts extracted from surveys, but often those facts cannot be available due to the lack of culturally-sensitive questionnaires. Objective: our aim was to show the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Acquisition of Sexual Information Test (ASIT), a measure selected due to its assemblages with Iranian culture. Materials and Methods: Forward-backward procedure was applied to translate the questionnaire. Cross-sectional study was carried out and psychometric properties of the Iranian version were tested in a thirty sample of reproductive-age women. Face validity was assessed by qualitative and quantitative methods. Content validity was also assessed by calculating two quantitative indicators as content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR). Reliability was assessed by test-retest analyses. Results: Impact score was 1.5, the majority of participants (83.3%) stated that the overall level of questionnaire was high but some of the questions were irrelevant to sexual knowledge. Many questions (90%) gained a CVR less than 0.56, and all of them gained CVIs lower than 0.7. Correlation in test-retest reliability was 0.85

Factors affecting Pakistani young adults’ intentions to uptake COVID‐19 vaccination: an extension of the theory of planned behavior

Introduction: Aside from personal beliefs, young adults’ intention to uptake the COVID-19 vaccine can be influenced by their fear of COVID-19 and perceived infectability of COVID-19. The present study incorporated fear of COVID-19 and perceived infectability with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to form an expanded TPB to analyze factors affecting Pakistani young adults’ intentions to uptake the COVID-vaccine in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and recruited participants from Pakistani social media users. The proposed extended TPB model was examined by using structural equation modeling. Results: A total of 1034 individuals replied to the survey. The three factors of the original theory of planned behavior and the fear of COVID-19 were positively related to their intention to uptake COVID-19 vaccination (r = 0.25-0.66). Moreover, the perceived infectability positively influenced the three theories of planned behavioral factors and the fear of COVID-19 (r = 0.27-0.60), also affecting the participants’ intentions to uptake COVID-19 vaccination. Conclusions: Perceived infectability was positively related to the participants’ intentions to uptake COVID-19 vaccination, and perceived behavioral control was the strongest mediator. More evidence-based information concerning treatments and COVID-19 vaccination are needed to encourage individuals to uptake the vaccine

Introducing a new measure for assessing self-efficacy in response to air pollution hazards for pregnant women

A self-efficacy instrument should be condition-specific. There are several instruments for measuring self-efficacy, but none are air pollution-specific. This study aimed to develop a self-efficacy measure for assessing pregnant women's responses to air pollution hazards. A random sample of pregnant women aged between 18 and 35 years attending three prenatal care centers were entered into the study. Prenatal care centers randomly selected from a list of centers located in different geographical regions of Tehran, Iran. After careful consideration and performing content and face validity, a 4-item measure was developed and participants completed the questionnaire. Reliability was estimated using internal consistency and validity was assessed by performing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and known group comparison. In all 200 eligible pregnant women were studied. The mean age of participants was 26.9 (SD = 4.8) years and it was 27.9 (SD = 9.1) weeks for gestational age. The findings showed almost perfect results for both content validity ratio (CVR = 1) and content validity index (CVI = 1). The confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit to the data, and known group comparison revealed satisfying results. Internal consistency as measured by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found to be 0.74. In general, the findings suggest that this new generated scale is a reliable and valid specific measure of self-efficacy in response to air pollution hazards for pregnant women. However, further studies are needed to establish stronger psychometric properties for the questionnaire. © 2013 Araban et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Tool Support for Class Library Reuse

OO-CaRE is a classification and retrieval tool to support reuse of class libraries. The tool is based on the faceted classification method where a component is classified using a collection of terms belonging to different facets. The tool provides a retrieval mechanism which returns the set of matching classes and their "closeness" to the the given query. The priority of a facet (signifying its importance) can be dynamically set by the reuser thus providing additional flexibility in the formulation of queries. The tool is built in the Eiffel environment using Eiffel class libraries. 1 Introduction Software reuse still remains an exception rather than a rule despite the simplicity of the idea and its attractive benefits [Boehm 87, Brooks 87]. Reuse in the traditional software development paradigms has had various levels of successes and failures [Sajeev 95]. In recent years however, object-orientation (OO) has given a new hope for solving the problems on the road to software reuse. It ..

Pap Smear Test Structures for Measuring Health Belief Model and Factors Affecting Women in Urban Centers Covered Zarandieh

Background and Objectives: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and although pap smear is considered as an effective screening program, the level of using screening is low. The purpose of this study is pap smear test structures for measuring health belief model and factors affecting women in urban centers covered Zarandieh.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical) which included 265 Urban Women's in Zarandieh. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire included demographic variables and knowledge and health belief model questions. Data was analyzed using chi-square tests, Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, at the significance level of p<0.05.Results: Significant differences were detected between those tested and not tested in mean of score knowledge and all the variables HBM (sensitivity, benefits, barriers, threat and intensity perceived), )p<0.001). The HBM constructs, age, level of study and knowledge accounted for 30.8% of the variance observed for Pap test. Perceived susceptibility and benefit were the most important predicting factors.Conclusion: These findings can be used to guide the development of more effective educational programs and increase the amount of women’s participation in Pap smear

Pap Smear Test Structures for Measuring Health Belief Model and Factors Affecting Women in Urban Centers Covered Zarandieh

Background and Objectives: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and although pap smear is considered as an effective screening program, the level of using screening is low. The purpose of this study is pap smear test structures for measuring health belief model and factors affecting women in urban centers covered Zarandieh. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical) which included 265 Urban Womenchr('39')s in Zarandieh. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire included demographic variables and knowledge and health belief model questions. Data was analyzed using chi-square tests, Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, at the significance level of p<0.05. Results: Significant differences were detected between those tested and not tested in mean of score knowledge and all the variables HBM (sensitivity, benefits, barriers, threat and intensity perceived), )p<0.001). The HBM constructs, age, level of study and knowledge accounted for 30.8% of the variance observed for Pap test. Perceived susceptibility and benefit were the most important predicting factors. Conclusion: These findings can be used to guide the development of more effective educational programs and increase the amount of women’s participation in Pap smear

Measuring Health Belief Model Constructs in Preventive Behavior about Self-Medication in Pregnant Women in Arak City

Background and Objectives: Nowadays, the use of educational models to determine the causes of rejection of health-related behaviors has been on theincrease. Health belief model is one of the models during the past years has been considered. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure health belief model constructs in preventive behavior about self-medication in pregnant women in the city of Arak.Methods: Thisanalytical, cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 pregnant women having referred to health centers in Arak city. Data collection was based on the Health Belief Model (susceptibility, severity, perceived benefits and barriers, cues to action) and the checklist of self efficacy and practice mothers about self-medication. Data were collected from organized interviews and finally analyzed using descriptive statistical tests such as Pearson correlation.Results: In this research the mean age of subjects studied was found to be 28.15±4.25 years and the mean duration of pregnancy was 7.2±4.6 weeks. Moreover the findings showed that there was a reverse relationship between self-medication measures by the mothers under study and perceived barriers ،sensitivity, severity, benefits and perceived self efficacy.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, health belief model constructs in pregnant women who practice self-medication have low precision. Therefore, a training program based on health belief model is strongly recommended in order toenhance sensitivity and perceived severity in pregnant women to their health and self-medication and also increase their self efficacy and perceived benefits with a reduction of perceived barriers

The Relationship between CO Ambient and Low Birth Weight

Background and Objectives: LBW is the strongest factor related to prenatal, neonatal, postnatal and childhood mortality and morbidity. Air pollution is one of the risk factors that is recently gaining attention. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between the CO ambient and low birth weight in women referring to Tehran hospitals in 2007-2008. Methods: In this historical cohort study 225 pregnant women having lived within 5 kilometers of a monitoring station during pregnancy and referring to selected hospitals in Tehran were investigated. An information questionnaire was used for data collection and sampling was done by multistage sampling and convenience method. Women were assigned to low exposure group and high exposure group based on mean exposure to each pollutant during pregnancy. These two groups were matched with respect to confounding factors. SPSS software version 15, T statistics, 2, Man Withnney, and Relative Risk procedures were used for data analysis.Results: The result showed that 31.6% of CO high exposure group and 7.4% of CO low exposure group had Low birth weight baby. The result also showed a significant relationship between exposure to high amount of CO and LBW (p=0.001). Relative Risk calculated with confidence interval (RR=4/67, CI=(1/76-9/43) was found to be 95% and the amount of attributable risk was 66%.Conclusion: Based on these finding, exposure to carbon monoxide pollution can cause LBW. There should be an educational program about the disadvantages of CO pollutant on pregnant women living in densely populated areas of the city. Moreover, practical approaches should be provided to reduce these pollutants

A randomized controlled trial of a theory-based health education on prevention of elective cesareans in Iran

Aims The high prevalence of Cesarean section (CS) is a global health concern globally, especially in Iran. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) based educational intervention on preventing elective cesareans. Materials & Methods An interventional study (NCT02929875) was conducted on a sample of 100 nulliparous pregnant women attending health care centers in Kermanshah, Iran, 2016. Women were randomly selected and assigned into either intervention or control groups on a 1:1 basis. The intervention group received a theory-based (Theory of Planned Behavior) health education intervention, while the control group received only standard care. A questionnaire containing items on TPB constructs, including attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention, was used to collect baseline and 1-month follow-up assessments. Each woman also received a phone call after childbirth to record their delivery method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15 at a significance level of p<0.05. The paired t-test, the independent t-test, the chi-square, and ANCOVA were used for data analysis. Findings The results revealed significant differences in scores of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention in the intervention group before and after the intervention (p<0.05). Additionally, the intervention group chose elective cesarean less than the control group (p<0.05). The risk of having an elective cesarean section in the intervention group was about one-fifth of the control group (RR= 0.21; CI=0.4197 to 0.0018). Conclusion According to this randomized control trial results, the TPB-based education improved the TPB constructs and NVD rates by providing education to women and their close friends or relatives during pregnancy. © 2021, the Authors | Publishing Rights, ASPI