Cytogenetic characterization of Partamona cupira (Hymenoptera, Apidae) by fluorochromes

Four colonies of the stingless bee Partamona cupira (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were cytogenetically analyzed using conventional staining and the fluorochromes CMA3 e DAPI. The females have 2n = 34 chromosomes (2K = 32 M¯+2 A¯). Some females, however, presented an additional large B acrocentric chromosome, to a total of 2n = 35. Chromosome B and the chromosomal pairs 2, 9 and 10 showed CMA 3+ bands, indicating an excess of CG base-pairs. A clear association was verified between the P. helleri B chromosome SCAR marker and the presence of a B chromosome in P. cupira. The data obtained suggests that B chromosomes in P. helleri and P. cupira share a common origin

Cytogenetic characterization of Melipona rufiventris Lepeletier 1836 and Melipona mondury Smith 1863 (Hymenoptera, Apidae) by C banding and fluorochromes staining

The stingless bees Melipona rufiventris and M. mondury were analyzed cytogenetically by conventional staining with Giemsa, C-banding and sequential staining with the fluorochromes CMA3/DA/DAPI. Both species presented 2n = 18 and n = 9, except for one colony of M. rufiventris, in which some individuals had 2n = 19 due to the presence of a B chromosome. After Giemsa staining and C-banding the chromosomes appeared very condensed and presented a high heterochromatic content, making it difficult to localize the centromere and therefore to visualize the chromosomes morphology. The constitutive heterochromatin was located in interstitial chromosome regions covering most of the chromosomes extension and consisted mainly of AT, as shown by DAPI staining. The euchromatin was restricted to the chromosome extremities and was GC-rich, as evidenced by CMA3 staining. The B chromosome was CMA3-negative and DAPI-positive, a heterochromatic constitution similar to that of the A genome chromosomes

Considerações teóricas sobre a relação entre respiração oral e disfonia Theoretical considerations on the relationship between mouth breathing and dysphonia

Sabe-se que a respiração oral pode ocasionar diversas alterações ósseas, posturais, musculares e funcionais, como também, alterações na qualidade e/ou comportamento vocal. Estas alterações podem comprometer a comunicação oral, na qual a voz não consegue desempenhar seu papel básico de transmissão da mensagem verbal e emocional do indivíduo. O indivíduo com respiração oral pode apresentar ressonância nasalizada e a voz pode apresentar alterações no traço de sonoridade, hiper ou hiponasal, ou rouca. A partir de pesquisa nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO, livros, revistas especializadas sobre o tema, buscamos fazer uma revisão na literatura sobre a relação entre respiração oral e disfonia, analisando a influência das alterações causadas pela respiração oral na qualidade e/ou comportamento vocal. No entanto, foi possível observar que a respiração oral promove uma série de alterações estruturais significativas que refletem nas funções estomatognáticas, interferindo também na fonação. Contudo, poucos autores relatam a possível correlação entre esses dois parâmetros (respiração oral e disfonia).<br>It is known that mouth breathing can lead to several bone, postural, muscular and functional alterations, and also changes on vocal quality and/or vocal behavior. These alterations can compromise oral communication, in which the voice cannot perform its basic role on the transmission of an individual's verbal and emotional message. Individuals with mouth breathing can present hiper or hiponasal resonance, changes on voicing features and hoarseness. From researches on LILACS and SciELO databases, books and specialized magazines about the subject, it was carried a literature review about the relationship between mouth breathing and dysphonia, analyzing the influence of alterations caused by mouth breathing on vocal quality and/or vocal behavior. It was possible observe that mouth breathing promotes several significant structural alterations, which reflect on stomatognathic functions and on phonation. However, few authors report the possible correlation between mouth breathing and dysphonia