Performance, nutrient digestibility, and muscular evaluation of female broiler chickens fed different dietary protein levels and slaughtered at 38 or 46 days

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of two protein levels and types of formulation on performance, nutrient metabolization, and myopathies of 390 female broilers from 21 to 46 days old distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and six replicates of 13 broilers each. Treatments were two levels of protein (19.0 and 21.0%) in diets using only commercially available ingredients and three experimental formulations designed to keep similar the main nutrients that could influence nutritional performance (starch, fiber, ether extract), using unusual ingredients, with 19.0% (19E) or 21.0% (21E) crude protein and the third with 19.0% crude protein with amino acid levels similar to treatment 21P (19E+Aa). We studied broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, macroscopic muscular evaluation, and histological muscular evaluation. The design for the performance and myopathy assessment was a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, five diets × two ages (38 or 46 days). The worst feed conversion ratio was observed for the 19P treatment. Neither diet nor age had an effect on myopathies, however, older slaughter age increased the intensity of microscopic lesions. The diet 19P should be avoided and increased inclusion of lipids in diets improves nutrient utilization and, consequently, performance

Incubation parameters and egghell conductance of eggs born broiler breeders with diferents ages and incubation machines

Submitted by Marlene Santos ([email protected]) on 2014-09-26T18:41:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Itallo Conrado PDF.pdf: 1385053 bytes, checksum: 2683757eec44901652cc4f8c98297b4d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva ([email protected]) on 2014-09-26T19:01:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Itallo Conrado PDF.pdf: 1385053 bytes, checksum: 2683757eec44901652cc4f8c98297b4d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-26T19:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Itallo Conrado PDF.pdf: 1385053 bytes, checksum: 2683757eec44901652cc4f8c98297b4d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-05This study aimed to assess the age of the breeder broiler and the machine type incubation on hatching parameters, the window hatch, embriodiagnosis and physical quality newborn chicks. We also evaluated the technique for measuring the conductance of the eggshell fragments using bark and also the correlation of the conductance values with parameters of incubation. In Experiment 1 was used in DBC design, and using DIC for embriodiagnosis. In a 2x3 factorial - multi-stage machines (MS) or single (SS) and ages of breeder (29w, 35w and 59w). In experiment 2 was randomized in DBC. In a 3x3 factorial scheme - region of the eggshell (blunt end, equator, pointy end) and ages of breeder (29w, 35w and 59w). The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by quantitative and qualitative Tukey test (5%) and Kruskal-Wallis (5%) respectively, although the data for embriodiagnosis were subjected to Fisher's exact test (5%). In experiment 1 there was no interaction between treatments (P> 0.05), verifying, however, differences (P 0.05). Arrays with older age (59w) had higher rates of infertility (6.84%) and lower hatching rates (88.26%). The early embryonic mortality (0-4 d) was higher (5.47%) in the eggs of breeders 59w. The hatch window was lower (P 0.05). The breeders aged influenced conductance being greater in eggs from breeders of 59w (0.323 mg d1-1 torr), the region of the shell being affected conductance region of the thin edge was lower (0.024 mg d-1 torr -1). The shell thickness was similar peel breeders derived from 29w or 35w, being higher (P <0.05) the thickness found in egg shells breeders 59w. The largest thickness found in the region of the pointy tip (P <0.05). There was an interaction (P <0.05) for the porosity of the eggshell conductance and bark. Regardless of age, the tip region has a higher number of large pores. Regarding age, the wide end regions of the equator and exhibit significant increases (P <0.05) pores. Weak correlations were found between the average conductance of the shell eggs and incubation parameters. Weak correlations were also observed between the average thickness of the eggshell and incubation parameters. There was a strong positive correlation (P <0.05) between the average porosity of the shell eggs and some parameters of incubation. It was concluded that both machines offer conditions for embryonic development without affecting the hatching rate, however the physical quality of the chicks was better in newborns chicks from the single stage machine. Yet, the technique using fragments of eggshell can be used to measure the conductance of the shell. The porosity of the eggshell was better correlated with parameters of incubation.Objetivou-se avaliar a idade da matriz pesada e o tipo de máquina de incubação sobre os parâmetros de eclosão, a janela de nascimento, o embriodiagnóstico e a qualidade física dos pintos neonatos. Avaliou-se também a técnica de mensuração da condutância da casca dos ovos utilizando fragmentos de casca e ainda a correlação dos valores de condutância com parâmetros de incubação. No experimento 1 foi utilizado delineamento em DBC, sendo utilizando DIC para o embriodiagnóstico. Em esquema fatorial 2x3 - máquinas de estágio múltiplo (EM) ou único (EU) e idades da matriz pesada (29s, 35s e 59s). No experimento 2 delineamento foi em DBC. Em esquema fatorial 3x3 – região da casca do ovo (ponta larga, equador, ponta fina) e idades da matriz pesada (29s, 35s e 59s). As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e as médias quantitativas e qualitativas comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%) e Kruskal-Wallis (5%) respectivamente, ainda os dados de embriodiagnóstico foram submetidos ao exato de Fisher (5%). No experimento 1 não houve interação entre os tratamentos (P>0,05), verificando-se, entretanto, diferenças (P0,05). Matrizes com idade mais avançada (59s) tiveram maiores taxas de infertilidade (6,84%) e menores taxas de eclosão (88,26%). A mortalidade embrionária inicial (0-4 d) foi maior (5,47%) nos ovos de matrizes de 59s. A janela de eclosão foi menor (P<0,05) para os ovos incubados em EU. O peso dos ovos incubados seguiu o padrão etário, influenciando os pesos dos neonatos. Os pintos oriundos de máquinas EU tiveram maiores peso ao nascimento, peso na expedição e peso líquido (P<0,05). Pintos oriundos do EU tiveram maior escore de qualidade física e comprimento. Para os resultados do experimento 2 não houve interação entre a os tratamentos para condutância ou espessura da casca (P>0,05). A idade das matrizes influenciou a condutância sendo maior nos ovos oriundos de matrizes de 59s (0,323 mg d-1 torr-1), a região da casca afetou a condutância sendo que a região da ponta fina foi menor (0,024 mg d-1 torr-1). A espessura da casca foi similar em cascas oriundas de matrizes de 29s ou 35s, sendo superiores (P<0,05) a espessura encontrada nas cascas dos ovos de matrizes de 59s. A maior espessura foi encontrada na região da ponta fina (P<0,05). Houve interação (P<0,05) para a porosidade da casca dos ovos e a condutância da casca. Independente da idade, a região da ponta larga apresenta maior número de poros. Em relação à idade, as regiões da ponta larga e do equador apresentam aumentos significativos (P<0,05) de poros. Foram encontradas correlações fracas entre a condutância média da casca dos ovos e os parâmetros de incubação. Também foram encontradas correlações fracas entre a espessura média da casca do ovo e os parâmetros de incubação. Houve correlação positiva forte (P<0,05) entre a porosidade média da casca dos ovos e alguns parâmetros de incubação. Foi possível concluir que ambas as máquinas oferecem condições para o desenvolvimento embrionário sem afetar a taxa de eclosão, entretanto a qualidade física dos pintos neonatos foi melhor nos pintainhos oriundos da máquina de estágio único. Ainda, a técnica que utiliza os fragmentos de casca dos ovos pode ser utilizada para mensurar a condutância da casca. A porosidade da casca dos ovos foi mais bem correlacionada com os parâmetros de incubação

Macroscopic embryonic development of Guinea fowl compared to other domestic bird species

Since few studies have addressed the embryonic development of Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), the objective of the present study was to evaluate its embryonic development in the Cerrado region of Brazil and compare the results to published descriptions of the embryonic development of other domestic bird species. The commercialized weight for Guinea fowl eggs used in the experiment was found to be 37.57 g, while egg fertility was 92%. Embryo growth rate (%) was higher on the sixth day of incubation relative to other days. The heart began beating on the third day of development, while eye pigmentation and upper and lower limb buds appeared on the sixth day. The yolk sac was incorporated on the 24th day followed by chick external pipping and hatching on the 28th day. Comparisons revealed that the embryonic development of Guinea fowl exhibits both similarities to, and differences from, the embryonic development of other domestic birds. From three days of embryonic development, differences were observed among the compared species. Despite the same incubation period, Guinea fowl embryos develop faster than turkeys. All species begin internal pecking two days before hatching and internal pecking 24 h before hatchin

Profile of dairy cattle farmers in the Northwest of Minas Gerais and the perception about the use of artificial insemination

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the profile of milk cattle farmers of the Northwest region of Minas Gerais State regarding the use of artificial insemination (AI) and see the most relevant factors in the perception of farmers for the adoption process of AI. From January to April 2014, 97 milk cattle farmers associated to milk cooperatives of the municipalities of northeastern Minas Gerais were interviewed. Of those interviewed farmers, 61.3% did not use artificial insemination. The majority (92.48%) of respondents were male and 48.88% were over 53 years of age, with low schooling, incomplete primary education (28.57%), or complete primary education (25.97%). Among the respondents, 66.67% had over 20 years experience in dairy farming. The average breeders by property were 99, and the average size of properties was 73 hectares (ha). In general, it was found that personal motivation is the main driver for the adoption of AI, and it is more linked to positive expectations generated by the phenotype of the animals than to economic factors. The prerequisites for adoption of AI are in the background and, among them, manpower, infrastructure, and animal handling are prominent, followed by social influence, evidenced by entities and persons involved in AI and in the daily life of farmers. Little emphasis on human resource management and use of scientific knowledge may have affected the adoption of biotechnology, resulting in low utilization. It is also possible to associate the advanced age of farmers to the resistance to the use of reproductive biotechnologies

Water vapor conductance: a technique using eggshell fragments and relations with other parameters of eggshell

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate a technique for quantifying eggshell conductance using shell fragments from hatched eggs. Additional objectives were to calculate the correlation between eggshell conductance, porosity, and thickness and correlate these parameters with incubation data. The study design was fully randomized in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme (three egg regions - large end, equator, and narrow end - and three ages of broiler breeders – 29, 35, and 59 weeks). A total of 216 eggs were used, with 24 repetitions for each treatment. Neither conductance nor shell thickness showed any interaction with egg region. Breeder age influenced eggshell conductance, such that it was greatest in eggshells from 59-week breeders (0.323 mg day−1 torr−1), while for 29-week and 35-week breeders, the conductance values found were 0.285 and 0.270 mg day−1 torr−1, respectively. The eggshell thickness was similar in eggs from 29 and 35-week breeders and these were greater than the thickness of eggshells from 59-week breeders. Correlations between mean eggshell conductance and chick body weight and yolk free chick body weight were found significant. There were no correlations between mean eggshell thickness and any of the data evaluated. There were positive correlations between mean eggshell porosity and egg weight loss up to the time of transfer, chick weight, and yolk free body weight. The technique of using eggshell fragments can be used for measuring eggshell conductance. Eggshell porosity is the characteristic that best correlates with incubation parameters

Effect of breeder age and storage conditions of Japanese quail eggs on hatchability, quail neonate quality, and Bursa of Fabricius characteristics

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate combinations of different storage periods and temperature of hatching eggs of breeder quails in two stages of the production cycle (24 and 43 weeks) on hatchability, quail neonate quality, and Bursa of Fabricius characteristics. In each experiment, a total of 1.050 Japanese quail eggs were incubated in a randomized block design in a factorial arrangement of 2 × 5 × 2, with two breeder ages (24 and 43 weeks), five storage periods (one, three, six, nine, and twelve days), and two storage temperatures (28 and 14 °C), totaling 20 treatments with 52 eggs each. Quantitative data were subjected to ANOVA and means were compared by Tukey's test. Qualitative data were subjected to Friedman's test. Polynomial regression analysis was performed in relation to the storage period of the eggs. Hatchability of 43-week-old breeders worsened as the storage period increased at 28 °C, while at 14 °C, hatchability was not affected. Yolk-free body weight was influenced only by storage period; therefore, the group stored for 12 days had the lowest yolk-free body weight. Twelve days of storage reduced the absorption of yolk residue and physical quality score and also affected neonate quail immunity. Fertile eggs from Japanese quails that are destined for incubation should be stored at 14 °C to maintain physical and immunological quality of the progeny. Moreover, eggs from older breeders originate lower-quality quails when eggs are not stored in a refrigerated environment

Water vapor conductance: a technique using eggshell fragments and relations with other parameters of eggshell

<div><p>ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate a technique for quantifying eggshell conductance using shell fragments from hatched eggs. Additional objectives were to calculate the correlation between eggshell conductance, porosity, and thickness and correlate these parameters with incubation data. The study design was fully randomized in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme (three egg regions - large end, equator, and narrow end - and three ages of broiler breeders – 29, 35, and 59 weeks). A total of 216 eggs were used, with 24 repetitions for each treatment. Neither conductance nor shell thickness showed any interaction with egg region. Breeder age influenced eggshell conductance, such that it was greatest in eggshells from 59-week breeders (0.323 mg day−1 torr−1), while for 29-week and 35-week breeders, the conductance values found were 0.285 and 0.270 mg day−1 torr−1, respectively. The eggshell thickness was similar in eggs from 29 and 35-week breeders and these were greater than the thickness of eggshells from 59-week breeders. Correlations between mean eggshell conductance and chick body weight and yolk free chick body weight were found significant. There were no correlations between mean eggshell thickness and any of the data evaluated. There were positive correlations between mean eggshell porosity and egg weight loss up to the time of transfer, chick weight, and yolk free body weight. The technique of using eggshell fragments can be used for measuring eggshell conductance. Eggshell porosity is the characteristic that best correlates with incubation parameters.</p></div