Worth the Risk? Greater Acceptance of Instrumental Harm Befalling Men than Women

Scientific and organizational interventions often involve trade-offs whereby they benefit some but entail costs to others (i.e., instrumental harm; IH). We hypothesized that the gender of the persons incurring those costs would influence intervention endorsement, such that people would more readily support interventions inflicting IH onto men than onto women. We also hypothesized that women would exhibit greater asymmetries in their acceptance of IH to men versus women. Three experimental studies (two pre-registered) tested these hypotheses. Studies 1 and 2 granted support for these predictions using a variety of interventions and contexts. Study 3 tested a possible boundary condition of these asymmetries using contexts in which women have traditionally been expected to sacrifice more than men: caring for infants, children, the elderly, and the ill. Even in these traditionally female contexts, participants still more readily accepted IH to men than women. Findings indicate people (especially women) are less willing to accept instrumental harm befalling women (vs. men). We discuss the theoretical and practical implications and limitations of our findings.</p

The salience of justice norms in a nonsuperadditive game

Thesis (B.S.) in Liberal Arts and Sciences -- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987.Bibliography: leaves 42-45.Microfiche of typescript. [Urbana, Ill.]: Photographic Services, University of Illinois, U of I Library, [1987]. 2 microfiches (77 frames): negative

I don’t want the money, I just want your time: how moral identity overcomes the aversion to giving time to pro-social causes

Four studies show that moral identity reduces people’s aversion to giving time—particularly as the psychological costs of doing so increase. In Study 1, we demonstrate that even when the cost of time and money are held equivalent, a moral cue enhances the expected self-expressivity of giving time—especially when it is given to a moral cause. We found that a moral cue reduces time aversion even when giving time was perceived to be unpleasant (Study 2), or when the time to be given was otherwise seen to be scarce (Study 3). Study 4 builds on these studies by examining actual giving while accounting for the real costs of time. In this study, we found that the chronic salience of moral identity serves as a buffer to time aversion, specifically as giving time becomes increasingly costly. These findings are discussed in terms of the time-versus-money literature and the identity literature. We also discuss policy implications for prosocial cause initiatives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved

The Effect of Coconut Fiber as Concrete Reinforcement on Abrasion Resistance and Water Permeability

The quality of infrastructure in the Philippines is one of the lowest amongst its neighboring countries. This is affected by the materials used in construction such as concrete. The mechanical and durability properties of concrete can be improved with fiber reinforcements. Coconut fiber is known to be the most ductile from all natural fibers, and the Philippines is a major producer of coconut. The study aims to determine the effect of coconut fiber on concrete reinforcement by examining its abrasion resistance and water permeability. The samples were cured for 28 days after setting and subjected to abrasion resistance and water permeability tests. The abrasion resistance decreased with higher fiber content; however, fiber content equal to or lower than 2.5% had higher resistance as compared to normal concrete. The water permeability of samples increased along with the coconut fiber content, with a significant increase observed in fiber contents equal to above 5%. The best overall results were achieved with CFRC containing 2.5% fiber content

Must heads roll?: a critique of and alternative approaches to swift blame

When mistakes or perceived wrongdoings occur in the workplace, managers-like most human beings-demonstrate the tendency to locate someone to blame, including assigning responsibility and sanctioning perceived wrongdoers for their actions. We highlight that although this response can be motivated by organizational, legal, and psychological factors, blame can be detrimental to the organization and its employees when it occurs in a spontaneous and nondeliberative manner, which we label swift blame. We argue that swift blame can involve distorted perceptions and judgment, exacerbate conflict, erode employee engagement, and stifle organizational learning. We further argue that managers have a special responsibility to thoughtfully and carefully consider how they react to perceived wrongdoings. Drawing from dual processing theory of cognition, we propose that managers can respond more effectively by adopting perspectives that slow down these tendencies and promote more thoughtful reactions. To this end we highlight research opportunities for three alternatives to swift blame: (a) a no-blame approach, (b) systems of inquiry and accountability, and (c) mindfulness training

Assessing Holocene Evolution of the Parnaiba River Delta using Petrophysical, Radiocarbon Dating, and Sedimentological Analysis

The Parnaíba River Delta, located in northeastern Brazil, is one of the few examples of a deltaic depositional system with its pristine characteristics well preserved. This has placed it the spotlight of scientific research for the most diverse areas. The present work aimed to identify changes in the depositional environment based on stratigraphic and sedimentological analysis. Vibracores were collected in several places such as an old mangrove forest, in active tidal channels and supratidal swamp zones. The study included sediment analysis associated with petrophysics (Gamma Ray Spectrometry) and age dating by the radiocarbon method. In the first phase, the gamma-ray spectral analysis and the photographic record of the cores were carried out, followed by the stratigraphic description (color, texture, presence of organic matter, fossil content, sedimentary structures), as well as the identification and selection of material for dating. Subsequently, the cores were sampled at regular intervals, every 4 cm, for grain size, compositional (organic matter and calcium carbonate quantification), and mineralogical analyses. The results obtained showed mineralogical variations, which indicate changes in sedimentary origin. The gamma-spectrometric data tend to show higher values with the decrease of the grain and are associated with the sedimentological, stratigraphic, and mineralogical data, improving the interpretation of the depositional history. The contents of organic matter and calcium carbonate, in general, presented variations related to the grain size, with fine sediments (fine sand, silt and clay) presenting higher contents of organic matter, while carbonate is related to the presence of shells. Datings showed ages ranging from 4057± 22 BP to recent (1950 AD). The integration and joint analysis of the data allowed a better interpretation of the Late Holocene evolution of the old channels of the Parnaiba river that are currently working as a system of tidal channels

When do observers deprioritize due process for the perpetrator and prioritize safety for the victim in response to information-poor allegations of harm?

We examined how observers assess information-poor allegations of harm (e.g., “my word against yours” cases), in which the outcomes of procedurally fair investigations may favor the alleged perpetrator because the evidentiary standards are unmet. Yet this lack of evidence does not mean no harm occurred, and some observers may be charged with deciding whether the allegation is actionable within a collective. On the basis of theories of moral typecasting, procedural justice, and uncertainty management, we hypothesized that observers would be more likely to prioritize the victim’s safety (vs. to prioritize due process for the perpetrator) and view the allegation as actionable when the victim-alleged perpetrator dyad members exhibit features that align with stereotypes of victims and perpetrators. We supported our hypothesis with four studies using various contexts, sources of perceived prototypicality, due-process prioritization, and samples (students from New Zealand, Ns = 137 and 114; Mechanical Turk workers from the United States; Ns = 260 and 336)

Systematic review of reduced therapy regimens for children with low risk febrile neutropenia

PURPOSE: Reduced intensity therapy for children with low-risk febrile neutropenia may provide benefits to both patients and the health service. We have explored the safety of these regimens and the effect of timing of discharge. METHODS: Multiple electronic databases, conference abstracts and reference lists were searched. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) and prospective observational cohorts examining the location of therapy and/or the route of administration of antibiotics in people younger than 18 years who developed low-risk febrile neutropenia following treatment for cancer were included. Meta-analysis using a random effects model was conducted. I (2) assessed statistical heterogeneity not due to chance. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42014005817). RESULTS: Thirty-seven studies involving 3205 episodes of febrile neutropenia were included; 13 RCTs and 24 prospective observational cohorts. Four safety events (two deaths, two intensive care admissions) occurred. In the RCTs, the odds ratio for treatment failure (persistence, worsening or recurrence of fever/infecting organisms, antibiotic modification, new infections, re-admission, admission to critical care or death) with outpatient treatment was 0.98 (95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.44-2.19, I (2) = 0 %) and with oral treatment was 1.05 (95%CI 0.74-1.48, I (2) = 0 %). The estimated risk of failure using outpatient therapy from all prospective data pooled was 11.2 % (95%CI 9.7-12.8 %, I (2) = 77.2 %) and using oral antibiotics was 10.5 % (95%CI 8.9-12.3 %, I (2) = 78.3 %). The risk of failure was higher when reduced intensity therapies were used immediately after assessment, with lower rates when these were introduced after 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced intensity therapy for specified groups is safe with low rates of treatment failure. Services should consider how these can be acceptably implemented