Assessing Approximate Arithmetic Designs in the presence of Process Variations and Voltage Scaling

As environmental concerns and portability of electronic devices move to the forefront of priorities, innovative approaches which reduce processor energy consumption are sought. Approximate arithmetic units are one of the avenues whereby significant energy savings can be achieved. Approximation of fundamental arithmetic units is achieved by judiciously reducing the number of transistors in the circuit. A satisfactory tradeoff of energy vs. accuracy of the circuit can be determined by trial-and-error methods of each functional approximation. Although the accuracy of the output is compromised, it is only decreased to an acceptable extent that can still fulfill processing requirements. A number of scenarios are evaluated with approximate arithmetic units to thoroughly cross-check them with their accurate counterparts. Some of the attributes evaluated are energy consumption, delay and process variation. Additionally, novel methods to create such approximate units are developed. One such method developed uses a Genetic Algorithm (GA), which mimics the biologically-inspired evolutionary techniques to obtain an optimal solution. A GA employs genetic operators such as crossover and mutation to mix and match several different types of approximate adders to find the best possible combination of such units for a given input set. As the GA usually consumes a significant amount of time as the size of the input set increases, we tackled this problem by using various methods to parallelize the fitness computation process of the GA, which is the most compute intensive task. The parallelization improved the computation time from 2,250 seconds to 1,370 seconds for up to 8 threads, using both OpenMP and Intel TBB. Apart from using the GA with seeded multiple approximate units, other seeds such as basic logic gates with limited logic space were used to develop completely new multi-bit approximate adders with good fitness levels. iii The effect of process variation was also calculated. As the number of transistors is reduced, the distribution of the transistor widths and gate oxide may shift away from a Gaussian Curve. This result was demonstrated in different types of single-bit adders with the delay sigma increasing from 6psec to 12psec, and when the voltage is scaled to Near-Threshold-Voltage (NTV) levels sigma increases by up to 5psec. Approximate Arithmetic Units were not affected greatly by the change in distribution of the thickness of the gate oxide. Even when considering the 3-sigma value, the delay of an approximate adder remains below that of a precise adder with additional transistors. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the GA obtains innovative solutions to the appropriate combination of approximate arithmetic units, to achieve a good balance between energy savings and accuracy

Rapid response monitoring of transient radio emission associated with gamma-ray bursts and circinus X-1

This PhD project was aimed at carrying out comprehensive observational studies of radio sources associated with two types of transients: a) Gamma- Ray Bursts (GRBs) b) an X-ray binary system Circinus X-1, by exploring and utilising new technologies and the enhanced capabilities of radio astronomy facilities in Australia. The emergence of the electronic-Very Long Baseline Interferometry (e-VLBI) capability of the Australian Long Baseline Array (LBA) and the new broadband backend for the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) has opened up new observational possibilities. These new upgrades enabled the rapid-response, high sensitivity and high resolution observations of transient radio sources.As part of this project, the radio behaviour of the peculiar X-ray binary system, Circinus X-1, was studied by executing an unprecedented e-VLBI observation campaign aimed at tracking the system along its entire binary orbit. Following the e-VLBI campaign, Target-of-Opportunity VLBI observations of Circinus X-1 allowed for the first time the detection of milliarcsecond-scale jets associated with it. The second part of this project involved a coordinated and systematic GRB detection and monitoring program, leading to the detection of the radio afterglow of an unusual gamma-ray burst, GRB 100418a which was studied in detail in an attempt to understand the underlying physical processes associated with GRBs. This program also allowed us to build-up some observational statistics and maintain a record of southern GRBs

Quantum Walker in Presence of a Moving Detector

In this work, we study the effect of a moving detector on a discrete time one dimensional Quantum Random Walk where the movement is realized in the form of hopping/shifts. The occupation probability $f(x,t;n,s)$ is estimated as the number of detection $n$ and amount of shift $s$ vary. It is seen that the occupation probability at the initial position $x_D$ of the detector is enhanced when $n$ is small which is a quantum mechanical effect but decreases when $n$ is large. The ratio of occupation probabilities of our walk to that of an Infinite walk shows a scaling behavior of $\frac{x_D^2}{n^2}$. It shows a definite scaling behavior with amount of shifts $s$ also. The limiting behaviors of the walk are observed when $x_D$ is large, $n$ is large and $s$ is large and the walker for these cases approach the Infinite Walk, The Semi Infinite Walk and the Quenched Quantum Walk respectively.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, revtex4-

Development of an Intelligent Baby Cradle for Home and Hospital Use

The customary Automatic child cradle frameworks are excessively lavish and they additionally don't offer much usefulness. This venture intends to help those moms who are excessively occupied and don't have a cleaning specialist or sitter to deal with their infants. This paper portrays the configuration of a programmed cradle which fundamentally chips away at location of infant development with the assistance of a pir sensor. pir sensor detects the movement of infant. After the location of enlivening of infant various occasions are terminated which incorporate sending notices to mother by sms, swinging of cradle with the goal that the child feels good. In the event that the child does not rest and/or quiets down after a certain period, a warning (SMS) is sent to the folks saying that the infant needs their consideration. The cradle likewise incorporates extra gimmicks like observing the temperature of the infant to give therapeutic thoughtfulness regarding the child and cautions the folks if the body temperature of the child goes above to given threshold temperature. The cradle additionally incorporates a wet sensor which will caution the folks or the attendant/sitter for bunk wetting of the infant. It will help to keep the infant in a hygienic environment. The framework is kept negligible as far as fittings as greatest measure of usefulness of the cradle is performed through Arduino.The cradle is vitality productive and obliges no physical consideratio

Stock Market Prediction Using Time Series

A stock market is a public market for the trading of company stock. It is an organized set-up with a regulatory body and the members who trade in shares are registered with the stock market and regulatory body SEBI. Since stock market data are highly time-variant and are normally in a nonlinear pattern, predicting the future price of a stock is highly challenging. Prediction provides knowledgeable information regarding the current status of the stock price movement. Thus this can be utilized in decision making for customers in finalizing whether to buy or sell the particular shares of a given stock. Many researchers have been carried out for predicting stock market price using various data mining techniques. The past data of the selected stock will be used for building and training the models. The results from the model will be used for comparison with the real data to ascertain the accuracy of the model

Oral Ornaments: An Overview

Nowadays, people desire to look attractive and have become very alert about their appearance and smile. Since the face is most exposed part of our body, and mouth a prominent feature, teeth are getting enormous share of attention. Intraoral jewellery has currently gained popularity and is slowly becoming a craze, but this fashion trend is also associated with some significant health issues. These ornaments though are said to enhance beauty cause problems such as increase pain, infection, scar formation, tooth fractures, metal hyper-sensitivity reactions, localized periodontal disease, speech impediment, and nerve damage. This review draws special attention to the prevalence, complications, and side effects of dental jewellery in humans. Here we suggest people must be aware of all the risks associated with wearing dental jewellery, and they should undergo dental check-ups regularly

A Vision Transformer-Based Approach to Bearing Fault Classification via Vibration Signals

Rolling bearings are the most crucial components of rotating machinery. Identifying defective bearings in a timely manner may prevent the malfunction of an entire machinery system. The mechanical condition monitoring field has entered the big data phase as a result of the fast advancement of machine parts. When working with large amounts of data, the manual feature extraction approach has the drawback of being inefficient and inaccurate. Data-driven methods like the Deep Learning method have been successfully used in recent years for mechanical intelligent fault detection. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were mostly used in earlier research to detect and identify bearing faults. The CNN model, however, suffers from the drawback of having trouble managing fault-time information, which results in a lack of classification results. In this study, bearing defects have been classified using a state-of-the-art Vision Transformer (ViT). Bearing defects were classified using Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) bearing failure laboratory experimental data. The research took into account 13 distinct kinds of defects under 0-load situations in addition to normal bearing conditions. Using the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), the vibration signals were converted into 2D time-frequency images. The 2D time-frequency images are used as input parameters for the ViT. The model achieved an overall accuracy of 98.8%