A RESEARCH STUDY TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF MEASLES AND RELATED PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS ALONG WITH RELATED CONSEQUENCES

Background: Measles is a disorder commonly present in children. It can be protected by the proper use of vaccination. It can easily transfer from one person to another. It mostly occurred in progressing countries like Pakistan. It can even cause deaths because of its severity. Objective: The reasons causing the measles, protective mechanisms of the patients, its severe reactions and consequences were noticed. Material and Methods: We carried out this research at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore (March 2017 to February 2018). Total of 166 patients showing the symptoms of measles were admitted in the hospital. Different factors like age, gender, the standard of livelihood, the ability of self-protection and quality of food taken by the patients were completely observed. The severe conditions in measles can cause pneumonia, gastroenteritis, encephalitis, otitis media, condition after measles, dysentery and heart issues. The consequences of the patients were examined by assessing the conditions of liberation from the clinics, leave towards clinical prescription, referral and mortalities of patients. The data was examined by using SPSS. Results: Out of 166 patients 93 were men and 73 were women. The average age of the patients were (3.72 ± 2.7) years. 117 patients belong to village area and 59 belong to city areas. 150 patients were already immunized by vaccination however 9 patients were not undergone vaccination. 59 patients gained nutritious and high-quality food. But most of the patients about 107 gained a less nutritious food. Pneumonia was observed in 72 cases. Gastroenteritis was examined in 37 patients. Encephalitis was recognized in 5 patients. Post measles state was recorded in 11 cases. Most of the patients were cured completely and discharged from the hospital. While mortality was observed in 9 patients. Conclusion: Measles was mainly observed in children having the age of 1 to 5 years. These children were mostly not vaccinated. Most of the patients gaining poor nutrition were attacked by measles. So, every patient should vaccinate two times in a year. Keywords: Measles, Immunization Status, Nutritional Status, Pneumonia, Encephalitis, Post Measles State

Dataset of 130 metagenome-assembled genomes of healthy and diseased broiler chicken caeca from Pakistan

This article presents metagenomic-assembled genomes (MAGs) of prokaryotic organisms originating from chicken caeca. The samples originate from broiler chickens, one group was infected with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and one uninfected control group. There were four birds per group. Both groups were raised on commercially available antibiotic free feed under a semi-controlled setup. The binning step of the samples identified 130 MAGs with ≥50% completion, and ≤10% contamination. The data presented includes sequences in FASTA format, tables of functional annotation of genes, and data from two different approaches for phylogenetic tree construction using these MAGs. Major geochemical cycles at community level including carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen cycles are also presented

FETAL HEART RATE WITH HYPERTENSIVE AND NON-HYPERTENSIVE MOTHERS ON ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THIRD TRIMESTER- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Preeclampsia throughout pregnancy increase a women’s chance of developing cardiovascular disease. Women that develop preeclampsia are at higher risk for development of hypertension and cardiac disease. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between maternal health (blood pressure} and fetal heart rate (FHR) during third trimester, and differentiate FHR in male and female fetuses. Material & Methods: An electronic study including the articles of nearly a decade and half. The studies were added by means of Google Scholar, Research gate, NCBI and PubMed to name a few. All the articles were included in the official language English. Articles were included having sonographic relation between the hypertensive and non-hypertensive mothers with fetal heart rate. Results: Analyzing the topic, 14 articles were added to determine the exact correlation between fetal cardiac output and hypertensive mothers. 25 articles were added in introduction and technique while 4 articles were included to link pre-eclamptic mothers with adolescent offspring regarding their growth and cardiac output. Conclusion: Gestational hypertension has adverse effect on fetal heart rate and studies have proved the difference by comparing them with normotensive pregnancies. Keywords: Fetal, Heart, Maternal, Blood pressure. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/90-16 Publication date:June 30th 202

A CRISPR way for accelerating cereal crop improvement: Progress and challenges

Humans rely heavily on cereal grains as a key source of nutrients, hence regular improvement of cereal crops is essential for ensuring food security. The current food crisis at the global level is due to the rising population and harsh climatic conditions which prompts scientists to develop smart resilient cereal crops to attain food security. Cereal crop improvement in the past generally depended on imprecise methods like random mutagenesis and conventional genetic recombination which results in high off targeting risks. In this context, we have witnessed the application of targeted mutagenesis using versatile CRISPR-Cas systems for cereal crop improvement in sustainable agriculture. Accelerated crop improvement using molecular breeding methods based on CRISPR-Cas genome editing (GE) is an unprecedented tool for plant biotechnology and agriculture. The last decade has shown the fidelity, accuracy, low levels of off-target effects, and the high efficacy of CRISPR technology to induce targeted mutagenesis for the improvement of cereal crops such as wheat, rice, maize, barley, and millets. Since the genomic databases of these cereal crops are available, several modifications using GE technologies have been performed to attain desirable results. This review provides a brief overview of GE technologies and includes an elaborate account of the mechanisms and applications of CRISPR-Cas editing systems to induce targeted mutagenesis in cereal crops for improving the desired traits. Further, we describe recent developments in CRISPR-Cas–based targeted mutagenesis through base editing and prime editing to develop resilient cereal crop plants, possibly providing new dimensions in the field of cereal crop genome editing

Brain-protective mechanisms of autophagy associated circRNAs: Kick starting self-cleaning mode in brain cells via circRNAs as a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases

Altered autophagy is a hallmark of neurodegeneration but how autophagy is regulated in the brain and dysfunctional autophagy leads to neuronal death has remained cryptic. Being a key cellular waste-recycling and housekeeping system, autophagy is implicated in a range of brain disorders and altering autophagy flux could be an effective therapeutic strategy and has the potential for clinical applications down the road. Tight regulation of proteins and organelles in order to meet the needs of complex neuronal physiology suggests that there is distinct regulatory pattern of neuronal autophagy as compared to non-neuronal cells and nervous system might have its own separate regulator of autophagy. Evidence has shown that circRNAs participates in the biological processes of autophagosome assembly. The regulatory networks between circRNAs, autophagy, and neurodegeneration remains unknown and warrants further investigation. Understanding the interplay between autophagy, circRNAs and neurodegeneration requires a knowledge of the multiple steps and regulatory interactions involved in the autophagy pathway which might provide a valuable resource for the diagnosis and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to summarize the latest studies on the role of brain-protective mechanisms of autophagy associated circRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases (including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Friedreich’s ataxia) and how this knowledge can be leveraged for the development of novel therapeutics against them. Autophagy stimulation might be potential one-size-fits-all therapy for neurodegenerative disease as per considerable body of evidence, therefore future research on brain-protective mechanisms of autophagy associated circRNAs will illuminate an important feature of nervous system biology and will open the door to new approaches for treating neurodegenerative diseases

Implementation of Juvenile Justice System Act 2018: Prospects and Challenges for Pakistan

Purpose: This paper develops a framework for analyzing the practical implementation of Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, and bottlenecks which are being faced by the juvenile during the process of trial before the court of law. Few areas need to be examined while determining the practical implementation of this act, as its procedural requirements have not been yet followed in the field. This paper aims to identify those obstructions which are necessary to be dealt with iron hand in order to ensure the full implementation of the act. Design: Qualitative content analysis method has been used to analyze the various factors, which are responsible for the failure to implement the said act. Findings:  Findings on the topic suggest that even at the stage of registration of first information report , the age of juvenile is neglected and loopholes continues till the conclusion of trial. The crux is that in order to avoid the exploitation of juvenile offender during trial, the Provincial and Federal Governments should play their role to ensure that procedural requirements are met as envisaged by the said act. Implications: The practical and firm implementation of Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, competent authorities and requisite institutions should realize their role

Mediating Role of Perceived Fairness between Organizational Commitment, Organizational Trust and Work Engagement of Female Faculty Members of Public Sector Universities in Punjab, Pakistan

Purpose: Ensuring the competitive advantages for female faculty members and to attain sustainable progress in rapidly transforming educational environment in the current era.   Design/Methodology/Approach: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) has been applied by using MPlus Software. The construct in the Context of Pakistan is exploratory in nature. Findings: The study has examined the mediating relationship of fairness between organizational trust, organizational commitment and work engagement of female faculty members working in public sector universities of Punjab, Pakistan.   Implications/Originality/Value: It is necessary to explore the other suitable attributes of the relevant construct in the context of Pakistan. As the results remained not satisfactory and generalizability of the results is not possible

Cardioprotective Effects of Nigella Sativa and Enalapril in Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity

Objective: To determine the combined cardioprotective effects of Nigella Sativa and enalapril in doxorubicininduced cardiotoxicity in rats. Study Design: Experimental randomized control trials. Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out from September 2020 to August 2021, in the department of pharmacology, in collaboration with the National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: For this experiment, 4 groups of adult male rats were taken, each containing 10 rats. Group 1 rats acquired a normal diet without any medication throughout the experiment. On day 8 (after acclimatization) cardiotoxicity was induced in groups 2, 3, and 4 rats by administering doxorubicin 5mg/kg intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days. After the confirmation of cardiotoxicity, Group 3 rats were administered only angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) enalapril 2mg/kg, while group 4 rats were given a combination of Nigella sativa 100mg/kg and Enalapril 2mg/kg orally for 14 days. Baseline blood samples were taken on day 0 to obtain normal values of Cardiac Troponin T ( cTnT), Cardiac Troponin I (cTnT), and CK-MB enzyme. To confirm cardiotoxicity 2nd sampling was done on day 11, and the final sampling was done through cardiac puncture on day 26. Serum biochemical estimation was done and data were analyzed through SPSS 22 by using one-way ANOVA and paired t-test. A P-value < 0.05 was believed statistically considerable. Results: Enalapril alone produced significant cardioprotective effects as shown by the marked reduction in cTnT, cTnI, and CKMB levels in group 3 (p<0.05), but combined administration of Nigella sativa and enalapril in group 4 mice produced a more significant reduction in Trop T, Trop I, and CK-MB levels (P <0.05). Conclusion: Nigella sativa and enalapril in combination significantly lower cardiac enzyme in Doxorubicininduced cardiotoxicity in rats