Biologic Treatments for Sports Injuries II Think Tank-Current Concepts, Future Research, and Barriers to Advancement, Part 2:Rotator Cuff

Rotator cuff tears are common and result in considerable morbidity. Tears within the tendon substance or at its insertion into the humeral head represent a considerable clinical challenge because of the hostile local environment that precludes healing. Tears often progress without intervention, and current surgical treatments are inadequate. Although surgical implants, instrumentation, and techniques have improved, healing rates have not improved, and a high failure rate remains for large and massive rotator cuff tears. The use of biologic adjuvants that contribute to a regenerative microenvironment have great potential for improving healing rates and function after surgery. This article presents a review of current and emerging biologic approaches to augment rotator cuff tendon and muscle regeneration focusing on the scientific rationale, preclinical, and clinical evidence for efficacy, areas for future research, and current barriers to advancement and implementation

Euclid preparation. III. Galaxy cluster detection in the wide photometric survey, performance and algorithm selection

Galaxy cluster counts in bins of mass and redshift have been shown to be a competitive probe to test cosmological models. This method requires an efficient blind detection of clusters from surveys with a well-known selection function and robust mass estimates, which is particularly challenging at high redshift. The Euclid wide survey will cover 15 000 deg2 of the sky, avoiding contamination by light from our Galaxy and our solar system in the optical and near-infrared bands, down to magnitude 24 in the H-band. The resulting data will make it possible to detect a large number of galaxy clusters spanning a wide-range of masses up to redshift ∼2 and possibly higher. This paper presents the final results of the Euclid Cluster Finder Challenge (CFC), fourth in a series of similar challenges. The objective of these challenges was to select the cluster detection algorithms that best meet the requirements of the Euclid mission. The final CFC included six independent detection algorithms, based on different techniques, such as photometric redshift tomography, optimal filtering, hierarchical approach, wavelet and friend-of-friends algorithms. These algorithms were blindly applied to a mock galaxy catalog with representative Euclid-like properties. The relative performance of the algorithms was assessed by matching the resulting detections to known clusters in the simulations down to masses of M₂₀₀ ∼ 10^(13.25) M⊙. Several matching procedures were tested, thus making it possible to estimate the associated systematic effects on completeness to 80% completeness for a mean purity of 80% down to masses of 10¹⁴ M⊙ and up to redshift z = 2. Based on these results, two algorithms were selected to be implemented in the Euclid pipeline, the Adaptive Matched Identifier of Clustered Objects (AMICO) code, based on matched filtering, and the PZWav code, based on an adaptive wavelet approach

Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the evolution of form and function in the amniote jaw.

The amniote jaw complex is a remarkable amalgamation of derivatives from distinct embryonic cell lineages. During development, the cells in these lineages experience concerted movements, migrations, and signaling interactions that take them from their initial origins to their final destinations and imbue their derivatives with aspects of form including their axial orientation, anatomical identity, size, and shape. Perturbations along the way can produce defects and disease, but also generate the variation necessary for jaw evolution and adaptation. We focus on molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate form in the amniote jaw complex, and that enable structural and functional integration. Special emphasis is placed on the role of cranial neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) during the species-specific patterning of bone, cartilage, tendon, muscle, and other jaw tissues. We also address the effects of biomechanical forces during jaw development and discuss ways in which certain molecular and cellular responses add adaptive and evolutionary plasticity to jaw morphology. Overall, we highlight how variation in molecular and cellular programs can promote the phenomenal diversity and functional morphology achieved during amniote jaw evolution or lead to the range of jaw defects and disease that affect the human condition

Microtubules and their organizing centres in differentiating guard cells of Adiantum capillus veneris

The cortical cytoplasm of the young guard cells of Adiantum capillus veneris is locally differentiated. At an early post-telophase stage, numerous microtubules diverge from the cytoplasm occupying the junctions of the midregion of the ventral wall with the periclinal ones, towards the periclinal and ventral wall faces as well as towards the inner cytoplasm. Microtubule-vesicle complexes (MVCs) are detected in these regions. Their appearance is accompanied by the initiation of local wall thickenings in the same areas. Afterwards, more distinct MVCs anchored to the plasmalemma were seen in the cortical cytoplasm of the periclinal walls, close to the growing thickenings, usually at a distance up to 3 μm from them. Sometimes, they seemed to contain an electron dense substance in which the microtubules were embedded. Cortical microtubules converging from more than one direction terminate at the MVCs. Besides, the microtubule population lining the periclinal walls radiate from the regions where the above cytoplasmic formations are localized. The overlying cellulose microfibrils exhibit the same orientation. The vesicles localized at the MVCs appear to be of dictyosomal origin, very electron dense and react positively to periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) test. Another population of microtubules fan out from the MVCs, entering deeper into the cytoplasm. They become associated with the nucleus and mitochondria, and traverse the peridictyosomal cytoplasm. In some instances the nucleus formed a protrusion towards an MVC and appeared associated with it via microtubules which radiate from the MVC and flank the nuclear envelope. The observations favour the hypothesis that prominent microtubule organizing centres (MTOCs) function in the cortical cytoplasm of the midregion of the periclinal walls surrounding the ventral one for a relatively long time. The MVCs and/or their adjacent plasmalemma sites may represent MTOCs or at least they specify the cortical cytoplasmic sites where microtubules are nucleated. © 1983 Springer-Verlag

Histochemical studies on the oil-bodies of Marchantia paleacea bert

Correlated light and electron microscope histochemistry was performed on the oil bodies (OB) of Marchantia paleacea. It was revealed that they contain significant quantities of material positive to PAS and periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) reactions. Ag deposits were localized on the matrix surrounding the globules and on the distinct one close to the inner face of the OB membrane. In addition, the lipophilic globules were peripherally impregnated with staining product. Polysaccharidic material appears to be elaborated in dictyosomes and then advanced into the OB by their vesicles. The OB show a lipophilic character and are intensely stained with Sudan black B, with an aqueous solution of osmium tetroxide and with the Nadi reaction as modified by David and Carde (1964). The performance of mercury bromophenol blue, aniline blue black, coomassie brilliant blue R and acid fuchsin stainings showed that the OB do not contain structurally detectable proteins. Besides, a positive reaction of the inner OB was obtained in fresh tissue with a variety of tests sensitive to phenolic or other aromatic ring compounds. On the contrary, the epidermal and scale OB containing small globules are obviously stained only with Gibbs' reagent. The colours obtained with the above reactions, were almost the same, i.e. brown with a red shade, except for the blue one of the Gibbs' reagent. The presented observations favour the conclusion that the OB matrix does not contain proteins, but substances "polysaccharidic" in nature. Phenolic and possibly other aromatic compounds appear to be present at least in inner OB. © 1978 Springer-Verlag