Primer registro de <i>Liolaemus chungara</i> Quinteros et al., 2014 y <i>Liolaemus pleopholis</i> Laurent, 1998 para Perú (Reptilia, Liolaemidae)

Two new species of lizards of the genus Liolaemus are presented for Peru, L. chungara and L. pleopholis. Both species were previously described for northern Chile, relatively close to the border with Peru. The range of distribution for L. chungara is extended by around 100 kilometers and for L. pleopholis by around 170 kilometers. Both species were collected in high Andean environments, and their morphological characteristics agree with those of the species assigned here.Asociación Herpetológica Argentin

A new lizard of the Liolaemus montanus group that inhabits the hyperarid desert of southern Peru

A new lizard of the genus Liolaemus is described from the Tacna region of southern of Peru. This species belongs to the L. montanus group and was initially thought to be L. poconchilensis and L. insolitus. However, a series of diagnostic characters differentiate it consistently from these two species and all other species of the genus. To determine the taxonomic status of these lizards, their phylogenetic relationships were analyzed, as well as their morphological and ecological characteristics. The results of the analysis support the conclusion that this population of lizards represents a new species to science, and that the new species is related to L. nazca and L. chiribaya. The new species has sexual dimorphism and is known from elevations of ca. 1,000 m above sea level in the hyperarid Pacifc deserts, which are populated by scattered Ephedra americana and Poissonia sp. Due to its highly restricted range and observed habitat loss, we recommend this species be categorized as Critically EndangeredUna nueva especie de lagarto del género Liolaemus es descrita para la Región Tacna, sur de Perú. Esta especie pertenece al grupo L. montanus, la que fue inicialmente confundida con L. poconchilensis y L. insolitus. Sin embargo, una serie de caracteres diagnósticos la diferencian consistentemente de estas y otras especies del género. Para determinar su estatus taxonómico, nosotros analizamos sus relaciones filogenéticas, así como sus características morfológicas y ecológicas. Nuestros resultados sustentan la conclusión que esta población es una nueva especie para la Ciencia, e indica que esta nueva especie está relacionada a L. nazca and L. chiribaya. La nueva especie presenta dimorfismo sexual, y es conocida en elevaciones cercanas a los 1,000 m sobre el nivel del mar, en el hiperárido desierto del Pacífico con matorral de Ephedra americana y Poissonia sp. Debido a su distribución restringida y la pérdida de hábitat observada, nosotros proponemos que sea incluida en la lista de especies amenazadas como En Peligro Crítico.Fil: Valladares Faundez, John Pablo. Universidad de Tarapaca.; ChileFil: Franco León, Pablo. Universidad Jorge Basadre Grohmann; PerúFil: Chipana, César Jove. Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann.; PerúFil: Navarro Guzmán, Marco. Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann.; PerúFil: Apaza, Javier Ignacio. Universidad Jorge Basadre Grohmann; PerúFil: Cáceres Musaja, César. Universidad Jorge Basadre Grohmann; PerúFil: Langstroth, Robert. Colección Boliviana de Fauna; Bolivia. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; BoliviaFil: Aguilar Kiriguin, Alvaro. Colección Boliviana de Fauna; BoliviaFil: Gutierrez, Roberto C.. Universidad Nacional de San Agustín. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Departamento Académico de Biología. Museo de Historia Natural; PerúFil: Abdala, Cristian Simón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentin

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030