Review on Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

Routing means to select path in a network and forward a packet through the network to another device on different network. Routing protocols play a vital role in computer network infrastructures. In this research comparison of various routing protocols is made. It been seen that OSPF and EIGRP are the protocols mostly used nowadays. On comparison, EIGRP is considered as the best routing protocol because it maintains the backup routes and also due to its simple configuration and also it supports the unequal cost load balancing which is not supported by other routing protocols

Application of High Conductive Nanoparticles to Enhance Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Wood Composite

In the present work three different types of nanofillers such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), aluminum oxide nanoparticles and nanosize activated charcoal were mixed with UF resin and used in the preparation of medium density fiberboard(MDF). The process has improved heat transfer during hot pressing and achieved proper curing due to enhanced thermo physical properties of wood fibers. To improve the dispersion of nanofillers into UF matrix, high speed mechanical stirring and ultrasonic treatments were used. The MWCNTs were oxidized with nitric acid and the functional groups formed on its surface improved the dispersion and interaction with UF matrix. The dispersion of nanofillers in UF resin matrix was confirmed with XRD, FESEM, and DMA tests undertaken. The mixing of MWCNTs and Aluminum oxide with UF resin have reduced the curing time due to enhanced thermal conductivity of MDF matrix. The heat transfer during hot pressing of MDF improved significantly with the addition of MWCNTs and Al2O3 nanoparticle and activated charcoal did not have much effect on heat transfer. The curing rate of UF resin improved with all the three nanofillers, as the activation energy of UF curing decrease as shown by the DSC results. The physical and mechanical properties of MDF have improved significantly with MWCNTs and Al2O3 nanoparticle. The activated charcoal has significantly decreased the formaldehyde emission of MDF

A pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness of adjunctive use of two antimicrobial topical gels in chronic gingivitis

Gingivitis is one of the most prevalent oral disease in humans. The most important etiological factor of gingivitis is dental plaque. Plaque control procedures comprises of several mechanical and chemical methods. Many studies have advocated that chemica

Computational Investigation of the Molecular Basis of Susceptibility and Resilience in Different Macaque Species Infected with Malaria Causing Plasmodium Pathogens

Malaria has a complex pathology with varying manifestations and symptoms, effects on host tissues, and different degrees of severity and ultimate outcome, depending on the causative Plasmodium pathogen species. The studies in this dissertation analyze consequences of transcriptomic changes in the blood of two closely related macaque species (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) in response to acute primary infection by Plasmodium knowlesi. P. knowlesi is an emanant zoonotic pathogen that causes acute severe infection in humans. Although the two macaque species are very closely related to each other and to humans, the infection in M. mulatta is fatal, unless aggressively treated (infections in humans are readily treatable if detected early), whereas M. fascicularis develops a chronic, but tolerable infection. The comparative analysis described here suggests that a reason for this stark difference in outcome is that the two hosts differ in immune cell programs and the expression of important genes. Specifically, the analyses establish a delayed pathogen detection in M. mulatta followed by extended inflammation that overwhelms this monkey’s immune response. By contrast, M. fascicularis was found to detect the pathogen earlier and to control the inflammation. Additionally, M. fascicularis limits cell proliferation pathways until peak infection, presumably in an attempt to reinforce recovery through the adaptive immune system. To compliment this transcriptomics analysis, a gene expression-based metabolic modeling approach was developed that combines multi-omics knowledge to offer a molecular interpretation to biological systems. This approach helped with the interpretation of changes in a well-known inflammation biomarker, Kyn/Trp ratio, and relate it to differences in immune response and cell proliferation. In-depth analysis of observed differences reveals that pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways are crucial for detection of pathogen and transcriptomic differences in early liver phase of infection revealed an early detection in M. fascicularis. Correlation analysis between host and pathogen transcripts reveals a pathogenic surface antigen, SICAvar Type 1, as an important regulator throughout the infection. The log phase of infection in hosts is similar, with macrophages and monocytes responsible for innate immune responses. During this phase, M. mulatta shows higher inflammation signals with upregulated inflammasome IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling and IL10 expression, which continues to peak-infection phase. In contrast, M. fascicularis controls inflammation, presumably by means of the p53 pathway, which is distinctly downregulated near the peak of infection, thereby enabling adaptive immunity with various cell proliferation pathways that aid CD4+ T-cells and memory B-cells. Integrative metabolic modeling shows the potential role of tryptophan metabolism in regulating inflammation and stress response. A complete understanding of the exact dynamics of the immune response is difficult to reach. Nonetheless, the results in this dissertation provide clear indication toward processes that underlie an effective immune response. Thus, this study may pave the way for future immune strategies toward treating malaria and identifies multiple points of intervention that are apparently responsible for a balanced and effective immune response.Ph.D

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A NOVEL METHOD FOR CAUSALITY ASSESSMENT USING SUSPECTED ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS

Objectives: The study has been designed to develop, test reliability, and construct validity of a novel versatile causality assessment tool (VCAT) method.Methods: The study included 427 literature case reports of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with suspected adverse drug reactions from 1990 to February 25, 2016. The causality of these cases was assessed independently by 3 raters in 3 phases of the study. Kappa (k) and intra-class correlation Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were used to test reliability and validity of the VCAT method.Results: Intra-rater reliability was high between Phase I and Phase III (k=0.84–0.93; % agreement: 92.3–96.3%). Inter-rater agreement was good in Phase I (k=0.87–0.89, % agreement: 93.7–94.1%, ICC: 0.975) and Phase III (k=0.85–0.89, % agreement: 93–94.4%, ICC: 0.973). Validity was proved by the high agreement observed between Phase I and Phase II (k=0.78–0.94; % agreement: 89.7–97.2%; p<0.001); and between Phase II and Phase III (k=0.8–0.9; % agreement: 90.2–94.8%; p<0.001).Conclusion: VCAT method is a standardized causal assessment tool that gives valid and reproducible results. It has shown good agreement with the expert judgment method. This method may overcome the limitations enthralled with existing methods of causality assessment