The first workshop towards the control of cestode zoonoses in Asia and Africa

Abstract The first workshop towards the control of cestode zoonoses in Asia and Africa was held in Asahikawa Medical University, Japan on 15 and 16 Feb 2011. This meeting was fully supported by the Asian Science and Technology Strategic Cooperation Promotion Programs sponsored by the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education Japan (MEXT) for 3 years from 2010 to Akira Ito. A total of 24 researchers from 9 countries joined together and discussed the present situation and problems towards the control of cestode zoonoses. As the meeting was simultaneously for the establishment of joint international, either bilateral or multilateral collaboration projects, the main purposes were directed to 1) how to detect taeniasis/cysticercosis infected patients, 2) how to differentiate Taenia solium from two other human Taenia species, T. saginata and T. asiatica, 3) how to evaluate T. asiatica based on the evidence of hybrid and hybrid-derived adult tapeworms from Thailand and China, 4) how to evaluate T. solium and T. hyaenae and other Taenia species from the wild animals in Ethiopia, and 5) how to detect echinococcosis patients and 6) how to differentiate Echinococcus species worldwide. Such important topics are summarized in this meeting report

A systematic review of zoonotic enteric parasitic diseases among nomadic and pastoral people.

INTRODUCTION:Zoonotic enteric parasites are ubiquitous and remain a public health threat to humans due to our close relationship with domestic animals and wildlife, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and diet. While most communities are now sedentary, nomadic and pastoral populations still exist and experience unique exposure risks for acquiring zoonotic enteric parasites. Through this systematic review we sought to summarize published research regarding pathogens present in nomadic populations and to identify the risk factors for their infection. METHODS:Using systematic review guidelines set forth by PRISMA, research articles were identified, screened and summarized based on exclusion criteria for the documented presence of zoonotic enteric parasites within nomadic or pastoral human populations. A total of 54 articles published between 1956 and 2016 were reviewed to determine the pathogens and exposure risks associated with the global transhumance lifestyle. RESULTS:The included articles reported more than twenty different zoonotic enteric parasite species and illustrated several risk factors for nomadic and pastoralist populations to acquire infection including; a) animal contact, b) food preparation and diet, and c) household characteristics. The most common parasite studied was Echinococcosis spp. and contact with dogs was recognized as a leading risk factor for zoonotic enteric parasites followed by contact with livestock and/or wildlife, water, sanitation, and hygiene barriers, home slaughter of animals, environmental water exposures, household member age and sex, and consumption of unwashed produce or raw, unprocessed, or undercooked milk or meat. CONCLUSION:Nomadic and pastoral communities are at risk of infection with a variety of zoonotic enteric parasites due to their living environment, cultural and dietary traditions, and close relationship to animals. Global health efforts aimed at reducing the transmission of these animal-to-human pathogens must incorporate a One Health approach to support water, sanitation, and hygiene development, provide education on safe food handling and preparation, and improve the health of domestic animals associated with these groups, particularly dogs

Knowledge and practices surrounding zoonotic disease among Mongolian herding households

Abstract The strong bond between herder and livestock was forged centuries ago in rural Mongolia and remains an element of national pride and a cornerstone to the economy. However, semi-nomadic herders frequently live at the edge of human health care, veterinary services, and municipal infrastructure like water and sanitation. This study examined zoonotic risk factors and disease perceptions among 150 rural herding households. Less than half of the participating households used an improved drinking water source (43.3%), and the majority of herding families did not use an improved sanitation service (68.5%). Almost half of the study population practise open defaecation (49.7%). Hand washing occurs after animal contact (78%) but not after defaecation/urination (76.6%). Domestic animal ownership and/or presence was reported at every household, and exposure risks varied by the gender of the household member. Most households had knowledge about zoonotic disease transmission (74%) but far less recognized the risk of reverse zoonoses, or human-to-animal disease transmission (53.3%). Few survey respondents believed that animal contact is a risk factor for diarrhoeal disease (8.7%). This study highlights zoonotic disease exposure risks from animal husbandry practices and inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene access and behaviours among rural herding households. Zoonotic disease prevention among Mongolian herders should be implemented using a One Health framework to simultaneously address human, animal, and environmental health concerns of rural herding households

PRISMA flow diagram.

<p>PRISMA flow diagram.</p

Zoonotic enteric pathogens included in search by host and enteric risk factors for human transmission.

<p>Zoonotic enteric pathogens included in search by host and enteric risk factors for human transmission.</p

Included study sites by country using GeoDa software, version 1.10.0.8.

<p>Included study sites by country using GeoDa software, version 1.10.0.8.</p

Characteristics of studies included in systematic review.

<p>Characteristics of studies included in systematic review.</p

Echinococcus species from red foxes, corsac foxes, and wolves in Mongolia.

AuthorSUMMARY The small intestines of 420 wild canids (111 corsac foxes, 191 red foxes and 118 wolves) from Mongolia, were examined for adult worms of the genus Echinococcus. The Mongolian genotype of Echinococcus multilocularis was found in fifteen red foxes and four wolves, whereas two genotypes (G6/7 and G10) of Echinococcus canadensis were found in two and three wolves, respectively. No adult Echinococcus worms were found in the corsac foxes examined. The genotypes of E. multilocularis and E. canadensis are discussed in terms of host specificity and distribution in Mongolia. The importance of wolves in the completion of the life cycle of Echinococcus spp. is also discusse

Investigation of intestinal helminthes obtained from wild canids in Mongolia : Its materials, methods and preliminary results

モンゴル国では野生イヌ科動物のEchinococcus属条虫成虫を含む消化管寄生性蠕虫類の侵淫状況の調査がなされていなかった。その理由は、野生哺乳類の蠕虫研究自体が、当該国の研究者により実施されていないことと、海外研究者も関心を寄せなかったことが大きな理由とされている。腸絨毛に類似した2ないし3㎜程度のEchinococcus属条虫を大量の腸内容物から分別するには、適切な検出方法の手法が必要となる。そこで、国際貢献の一環として、検査作業方法の技術移転を兼ね、捕獲動物のサンプルを用い蠕虫検査の指導を行った。虫種確認は肉眼と実体・光学顕微鏡で実施した。用いたサンプルは当該国内数カ所で毛皮原料を得る目的で銃猟されたタイリクオオカミ Canis lupus、コサックギツネ Vulpes corsacおよびアカギツネV. vulpesの3種計420個体分の内臓および消化管であった。その結果、Echinococcus属はオオカミから単包条虫E. granulosusが、また、アカギツネから多包条虫 E. multilocularisがそれぞれ見つかった(Ito et al., 2013)。ほかの蠕虫としては、条虫 Taenia (おそらく、胞状条虫 T. hydatigena)、瓜実条(犬条虫)、Dipilidium caninum, Mesocestoides sp.、吸虫 Alaria sp.、鉤頭虫 Macracanthorhynchus sp.、線虫 Toxocara sp.、Ancylostoma sp.、Rictularia sp.が見出された。さらに興味深い事例として、ウマバエ類 Gasterophilus sp.、幼虫がキツネ類の腸内容物から見つかったことである。おそらく、斃死したウマの胃を食べた固体か、あるいはウマの糞と共に排出されたものを食べた事による偽寄生であろう。これまでの検出された蠕虫は、すでに欧州や中近東のオオカミで報告されているものと大きく異なることはないものの、モンゴル国では初めての記録であった。 There is no data on intestinal helminths including the genus Echinococcus in wild canids in Mongolia. So, the direct evidence of infections of the genus in the definitive host animals in Mongolia at least. Through our network with hunters and others, we could finally examine these animal intestines in Ulaanbaatar. A total of 420 individuals including wolves, corsac and red foxes were examined for detection of the helminths from small intestines. Among them, E. granulosus was obtained from wolves, and E. multilocularis was obtained from red foxes, respectively (Ito et al., 2013). Furthermore, the other helminths including Taenia hydatigena, Dipilidium caninum, Mesocestoides sp., Alaria sp., Macracanthorhynchus sp., Toxocara sp., Ancylostoma sp., Rictularia sp. etc. were detected. And, a larva of Gasterophilus sp. was found. Probably, this case was pseudoparasitism due to eating a horse stomach.寄生虫学研究 2013年版 (浅川満彦編