Metabolizable energy in diets with low protein levels for pigs kept under heat stress of 30 to 60 kg

Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos na redução nos níveis de energia metabolizável de rações com baixo nível de proteína bruta sobre o desempenho de suínos machos castrados, mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura (32oC), dos 30 aos 60 kg. Utilizou-se 70 suínos, com peso inicial 30,46 ± 1,0 kgdistribuídos segundo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 tratamentos, 7 repetições e 2 animais por unidade experimental alojados em gaiolas suspensas em sala climatizada. Os tratamentos foram uma ração basal (3.400 kcal/kg e 20,98% PB) e quatro rações com 16,98% PB e redução da energia metabolizável (3.400; 3.325; 3.250 e 3.175 kcal/kg). Foi observado efeito (P0,05) pela variação do nível de EM das rações. Com relação aos animais que receberam o tratamento relativo à ração referencia (20, 98% PB e 3.400 Kcal EM) verificou- se que a diminuição gradativa no nível de EM de 3.400 para 3175 Kcal na ração com baixo ração com 3.175 Kcal de EM. A redução da PB e da EM da ração não influenciaram (P>0,05) o peso e o rendimento de carcaça, a profundidade do músculo Longissimusdorsi, a espessura de toucinho P2 e os pesos relativos do fígado e dos rins.Não se observou influência (P>0,05) dos níveis de PB e de EM das rações nos parâmetros de qualidade de carne avaliados (perda de líquido no descongelamento e cocção, força de cisalhamento, pH e temperatura a 45 minutos, 3 e 24 horas e nos valores de TBARS na carne). A redução do nível de PB da ração não influenciou (P>0,05) os valores dos ácidos graxos mirístico, palmítico, esteárico, oleico, araquidônico e o total de AG saturados (SFA), independente do nível de EM avaliado. No entanto, observou-se que os músculos dos animais que receberam a ração com baixo teor de proteína (16,98%) e com o menor nível de EM (3175 kcal) apresentaram maiores (P0.05)by energy levelsof MEin the diet.With respect tothe animals fed the standard diet(20, 98% CP and 3,400kcal) it was found thatthe gradual decreasein the diets levels ofME3400to3175kcalwith lowCP(16.98%), influenced (P FCwhich was worsewhen usingthe diet with3,175kcalof ME.Reducing dietaryCP andenergy levels didnoteffect(P>0.05) weight andcarcass yield, the depthof the Longissimusdorsi, P2backfat thicknessand relative weightsof liver andkidneys.There was no influence(P>0.05) of the levels ofCP and MEonanalyzed meat qualityparameters (loss of fluid in thethawing and cooking, shear force, pHand temperatureafter 45 minutes, 3 and 24hoursandTBARS valuesinmeat). Reducingdietary CPleveldid not affect (P>0.05) the valuesofmyristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, arachidonicfatty acids totalsaturated fatty acids(SFA), regardless of the levelof EMevaluated. However, it was observed that the musclesof animalsfed dietswith a lowprotein content(16.98%) and the lowestlevelof ME (3175 kcal)had higher(P <0.05) amounts of palmitoleicfatty acidsandmonounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) and lowertotal(P <0.05) oflinoleic, linolenicfatty acidsandpolyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) intotal whencompared toanimalsfed dietswith20.98% CP and 3400kcal. The reductionin MEin dietswith lowCPsupplemented with industrial amino acids,influencesnegativelyFCanimalswithout compromisingtheADG, carcass characteristics andmeat qualitytraits ofpigs kept underhigh environmentaltemperature from30 to 60 kg.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Digestible lysine levels obtained by two methods of formulation of diets for 22-to-42-day-old broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of digestible lysine levels in diets with or without supplementation of industrial amino acids on performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in broilers of 22 to 42 days of age. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four digestible lysine levels (9.0, 10.0, 11.0 and 12.0 g/kg) and two methods to obtain the lysine levels (variation in the proportion of corn and soybean meal, without supplementation; or supplementation of industrial amino acids), eight replicates and 20 birds per replicate. There was an interaction effect on the performance characteristics and on the weights and yields of prime cuts. In both diets, feed conversion improved linearly as the lysine levels were increased. Feed intake; weight gain; carcass, thigh and drumstick weights; and boneless breast yield increased and abdominal fat reduced linearly as the lysine levels were increased in the unsupplemented diet. The lysine levels of the supplemented diets linearly reduced the yield of drumstick and quadratically reduced the yields of bone-in and boneless breast up to the estimated levels of 10.4 and 10.7 g/kg, respectively. Diets without supplementation increased the excretion and retention of nitrogen. The levels of 9.0 and 12.0 g/kg digestible lysine obtained with supplementation of industrial amino acids and without it, respectively, provide the best performance and yield of prime cuts in the birds. Diets in which the digestible lysine levels are obtained without supplementation provide better performance responses and carcass characteristics compared with supplemented diets

Digestible lysine levels obtained by two methods of formulation of diets for 22-to-42-day-old broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of digestible lysine levels in diets with or without supplementation of industrial amino acids on performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in broilers of 22 to 42 days of age. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four digestible lysine levels (9.0, 10.0, 11.0 and 12.0 g/kg) and two methods to obtain the lysine levels (variation in the proportion of corn and soybean meal, without supplementation; or supplementation of industrial amino acids), eight replicates and 20 birds per replicate. There was an interaction effect on the performance characteristics and on the weights and yields of prime cuts. In both diets, feed conversion improved linearly as the lysine levels were increased. Feed intake; weight gain; carcass, thigh and drumstick weights; and boneless breast yield increased and abdominal fat reduced linearly as the lysine levels were increased in the unsupplemented diet. The lysine levels of the supplemented diets linearly reduced the yield of drumstick and quadratically reduced the yields of bone-in and boneless breast up to the estimated levels of 10.4 and 10.7 g/kg, respectively. Diets without supplementation increased the excretion and retention of nitrogen. The levels of 9.0 and 12.0 g/kg digestible lysine obtained with supplementation of industrial amino acids and without it, respectively, provide the best performance and yield of prime cuts in the birds. Diets in which the digestible lysine levels are obtained without supplementation provide better performance responses and carcass characteristics compared with supplemented diets

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora