Aspect acquisition in Russian as the weaker language: evidence from a Turkish-Russian child

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study aims to contribute to the discussion about the weaker language development by examining the effect of restricted input and use on the acquisition of the morphological category of aspect in Russian by a Turkish–Russian bilingual child in a Turkish-dominant environment. The main goal the study pursues is to investigate whether the reduced input and restricted use of Russian, mainly through communication with a Russian-speaking mother, is still sufficient for monolingual-like acquisition of Russian aspect. Design/methodology/approach: This study is a longitudinal case study. Data and analysis: The main source of data collection is video and audio recordings. Twenty-five recordings are available. They cover the period of between two years and 11 months (2;11) and 4;0. First, the data is examined in terms of the availability of perfective and imperfective forms and meanings they (these forms) express in the Russian language. Then, we look into whether the data of the bilingual child is marked with deviations from the monolingual Russian data in terms of error rates and patterns. Findings/conclusions: The findings of the study suggest that despite the reduced input, the acquisition of Russian aspect in the Turkish-dominant environment follows the same pattern as a monolingual acquisition does. Originality, and significance/implications: The study contributes to the discussion about the weaker language development in bilingual contexts and adds to the growing body of research looking at the development of a particular language in a variety of different contexts

Examining possible sources of L2 divergence at the pragmatics interface: Turkish accusative in the end-state grammar of L1 Russian and L1 English users of L2 Turkish

The Interface Hypothesis (IH) postulates that interface structures are potentially vulnerable to incomplete acquisition in the end-state L2. Two plausible explanations have been suggested as possible causes of the L2 divergence at the interface: (1) the interaction between two competing grammatical systems, and (2) differences between monolinguals and bilinguals in integrating information from different domains in L2. This study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the interface phenomenon and to examine the extent to which L1 interference might account for L2 divergence at the interface. To this end, the study examines the use of Turkish accusative case (AC) in the end-state L2 grammar of L1 Russian and L1 English advanced users of L2 Turkish. The findings provide additional evidence for the IH and suggest that L2 divergence at the interface is likely to reflect more differences between monolinguals and bilinguals in integrating information from different domains rather than L1 interference

Riski practicies in the structure of student’s way of life

In this paper, based on the materials of sociological research, disclosed types and characteristics of UrFU students' risky practices in health. Students include in their lifestyle tobacco and alcohol, as well as an unhealthy diet. In addition, less than half of those surveyed are sleeping more than 7 hours a day, eat fruits and take vitamins. The role of the university is to conduct sports recreational activities as prevention of risky behavior.В статье, опираясь на результаты опроса, представлен анализ рисковых практик студенческой молодежи Уральского федерального университета. Студенты включают в свой образ жизни табакокурение и алкоголь, а также неправильное питание. Кроме того, менее половины опрошенных спят более 7 часов в сутки, употребляют фрукты и принимают витамины. Роль вуза видится студентами в проведении спортивно-оздоровительной деятельности как профилактики рискового поведения.Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РГНФ № 14-13-66015 а/р

On the localization of discontinuities of the first kind for a function of bounded variation

Methods of the localization (detection of positions) of discontinuities of the first kind for a univariate function of bounded variation are constructed and investigated. Instead of an exact function, its approximation in L2(-∞,+∞) and the error level are known. We divide the discontinuities into two sets, one of which contains discontinuities with the absolute value of the jump greater than some positive Δmin; the other set contains discontinuities satisfying a smallness condition for the value of the jump. It is required to find the number of discontinuities in the former set and localize them using the approximately given function and the error level. Since the problem is ill-posed, regularizing algorithms should be used for its solution. Under additional conditions on the exact function, we construct regular methods for the localization of discontinuities and obtain estimates for the accuracy of localization and for the separability threshold, which is another important characteristic of the method. The (order) optimality of the constructed methods on the classes of functions with singularities is established. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Comparative Analysis Of The Results Of Anti-VEGF Therapy In Patients With AMD

Intravitreal injections are one of the most common procedures in ophthalmology. It is connected with direct delivery of drugs in the vitreous body. The aim of our survey is to show our comparative analysis of the results in the treatment of AMD patients with Lucentis and Eylea. Material and methods: We enrolled 24 patients with wet AMD, diagnosed and treated in the ophthalmic department of MMA for a period of 2 years. In 7 of the patients we used Lucentis and in the rest 17 Eylea. All patients were examined for VA, OCT central retinal thickness and FA (Topcon 3D OCT – FA +).  The  patients  were  treated  according to  the   Treat and extend  protocol with  period of  extension of  2 weeks. Results: Our results point out that   patients treated with Lucentis had an increase of the VA with two lines. They had also a reduction of retinal thickness. In RAP patients Lucentis gave better results than other medications. The Eylea treated patients showed also improvement of the VA, which was more significant than in the previous group. The decrease in the CRT was from approximately 400±130 μm to 288±74 μm in the 6-month follow up. Conclusion: Our  survey points out that  both Lucentis and Eylea are effective in  the treatment of AMD, although aflibercept shows  slightly better results in terms of VA and CRT. The treatment of this multifactorial disease is complex and has to be individualized in order to meet the specific  needs of the patients. We have to adjust the treatment in each case to be maximum effective

SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS ANTIBODY DISTRIBUTION AMONG PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT AGE

No abstrac

Complications After Anti-VEGF Therapy in Patients with Wet Form of AMD

Anti-VEGF therapy is the main treatment in patients with the wet form of AMD. Although successful in most cases, prolonged use of intravitreal therapy can lead to serious complications. The aim of this study is to present the possible longterm complications of anti-VEGF therapy in patients with the wet form of AMD, as well as the ways to prevent them. Methods: In our study, we included 32 patients with a wet form of AMD. They were all examined ophthalmologically in detail for VA, fundus color photography, OCT (Revue, Optovue) and OCT-A (Angiophlex, Zeiss). All patients were treated with aflibercept (Eylea) - according to the Treat and Extend scheme for a period of 2 years. They were followed for complications for a period of 2 years. Results: In the long run we observed the following complications expressed in %: tachyphylaxis to the drug substance – 20%; tears of RPE-10%; fibrosis and scarring - 45%; retinal atrophy 25%. In 20% of the observed patients we found tachyphylaxis after the first year, which led to a decrease in the effectiveness of treatment. In 10% of cases we observed rupture of RPE. This occurred mainly in patients with previous detachment of RPE with a large area and height. Retinal fibrosis developed in patients with macular hemorrhage, low VA, refractory retinal cysts, or cases of RAP. Retinal fibrosis usually appeared after 10 injections. These are patients with low initial visual acuity, thin choroid especially subfoveolar and usually occurred after a small number of intravitreal injections. Conclusion: Complications after anti-VEGF therapy are relatively rare, but always associated with very serious visual impairment. The stronger the effect of the anti-VEGF drug, the more common the complications, especially retinal fibrosis. Early detection of risk factors such as low initial vision, refractory retinal cysts, macular hemorrhage, large neovascular membrane, are a prerequisite for successful prevention and treatment of these complications

OCT types of subretinal membranes in wet form of AMD and their impact on treatment

In the recent years OCT-A emerged as a new trend in the development of the OCT technology, giving us the opportunity to judge not only of the morphology of the retina, but also of the retinal blood flow and vessels.Aim: The aim of our survey was to show the diagnostic abilities of OCT-A in patients with wet AMD, and to evaluate the characteristic features of the neovascular membranes.Material and methods: In our survey 11 patients with wet AMD were enrolled. They all were ophthalmologically tested for VA, fluorescein angiography, OCT-A (Angiophlex, Zeiss). The ОСТ-А scans were examined in details and the characteristic features of the subretinal membranes were estimated. Results: In 5 patients with wet AMD type 1 of neovascular membranes has been detected. The new vessels emerged form the choroid, penetrated Bruhs membrane and were localized beneath the RPE. Type 2 of neovascular membranes was found in 4 patients. In that case the lesion originated again from the choroid but it passed trough the Bruch’s membrane and RPE and developed between RPE and neurosensory retina. In 2 patients type 3 – RAP lesions were found. In these cases the lesions originated from the deep retinal plexus. In 20% of the patients with quick progression of the disease well outlined neovascular membranes – lace or sea fan type, with branching new capillaries and anastomoses has been found.Discussion: ОСТ-А gives us the possibility to see clearly the structure of the subretinal membranes. Our results show that in all patients with branching, tiny, young capillaries, rapid progression of the disease is observed which requires immediate action and adequate therapy

SERUM ANTIBODIES AGAINST SOME VIRUSES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS

No abstrac

Ibuprofen Blunts Ventilatory Acclimatization to Sustained Hypoxia in Humans.

Ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia is a time-dependent increase in ventilation and the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) that involves neural plasticity in both carotid body chemoreceptors and brainstem respiratory centers. The mechanisms of such plasticity are not completely understood but recent animal studies show it can be blocked by administering ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, during chronic hypoxia. We tested the hypothesis that ibuprofen would also block the increase in HVR with chronic hypoxia in humans in 15 healthy men and women using a double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over trial. The isocapnic HVR was measured with standard methods in subjects treated with ibuprofen (400 mg every 8 hrs) or placebo for 48 hours at sea level and 48 hours at high altitude (3,800 m). Subjects returned to sea level for at least 30 days prior to repeating the protocol with the opposite treatment. Ibuprofen significantly decreased the HVR after acclimatization to high altitude compared to placebo but it did not affect ventilation or arterial O2 saturation breathing ambient air at high altitude. Hence, compensatory responses prevent hypoventilation with decreased isocapnic ventilatory O2-sensitivity from ibuprofen at this altitude. The effect of ibuprofen to decrease the HVR in humans provides the first experimental evidence that a signaling mechanism described for ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia in animal models also occurs in people. This establishes a foundation for the future experiments to test the potential role of different mechanisms for neural plasticity and ventilatory acclimatization in humans with chronic hypoxemia from lung disease