An analytical approach for pull-out behavior of TRM-strengthened rammed earth elements

Rammed earth constructions, beyond being largely spread in the built heritage, are known for their high seismic vulnerability, which results from high self-weight, lack of box behavior and low mechanical properties of the material. Hence, to mitigate this seismic vulnerability, a compatible textile reinforced mortar (TRM) is here proposed as a strengthening solution, because of its reduced mass and high ductility. The few research about the structural behavior of TRM-strengthened rammed earth elements addresses the global behavior, overlooking the local behavior of the system. An analytical approach to infer the bond stress-slip relationship following the direct boundary problem is proposed. Based on a previous series of pull-out tests, an adhesion-friction constitutive law is portrayed considering also a damage model that considers the degradation of the reinforcing fibers due to friction.This work was partly financed by FEDER funds through the Operational Programme Competitiveness Factors (COMPETE 2020) and by national funds through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) within the scope of project SafEarth - PTDC/ECM-EST/2777/2014 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016737). The support from grant SFRH/BD/131006/2017 is also acknowledged

Atitudes Frente Ao Doente Mental:: Influências Do Tipo E Do Nível De Treinamento Universitário

The present investigation examines the influences of thetype and level of university training concerning attitudes towardsmentally ill of residents in Great Vitória-ES. The starting point were threetypes of university training (Psichology, Social Work, Medicine) and twolevels of these (freshmen and veterans) worked within a factorial design3 x 2 in order to confront the differences of attitudes in regard to mentallyill, measured by the Attitudes Towards the Mentally ill Scale - ADM(Pasquali, Nogueira, Martins and Martins, 1987). The results obtained, referring to university training, indicate that psichology students present,generally, more positive attitudes than the medical students; while thesocial workes students do not differentiate themselves significantly fromthe other two groups. As to the level of university training, the resultsindicate that statistically there are no significant differences among theinvestigated individuals.RESUMO - A presente investigação examina as influências do tipo e do nível de treinamento universitário sobre as atitudes frente ao doente mental de indivíduos residentes na Grande Vitória-ES. Partiu-se de três tipos de treinamento universitário (Psicologia, Serviço Social e Medicina) e de dois níveis de treinamento (calouros e veteranos) para esquematização de um delineamento fatorial 3 x 2 a fim de se confrontar as diferenças atitudinais em relação ao doente mental, medidas pela Escala de Atitudes frente ao Doente Mental - ADM (Pasquali, Nogueira, Martins e Martins, 1987). Os resultados obtidos, no que se refere ao tipo de treinamento universitário, indicam que os estudantes de Psicologia apresentam, de modo geral, atitudes mais positivas do que os estudantes de Medicina, enquanto os estudantes de Serviço Social não se diferenciam significativamente dos outros dois grupos. No tocante ao nível de treinamento universitário os resultados indicam não haver diferenças significativas entre os indivíduos amostrados

Effectiveness of a TRM solution for rammed earth under in-plane cyclic loads

To evaluate the effectiveness of a TRM-strengthening solution for rammed earth walls subjected to in-plane cyclic loads, an experimental program was conducted on a strengthened mock-up previously damaged. The experimental results are discussed in comparison with the previous unstrengthened model in terms of cracking pattern, damage identification, displacements, base shear coefficient, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation; in addition, simplified equivalent linear and bi-linear systems are inferred to assess the performance. The outcomes highlighted the effectiveness of the TRM solution in improving the in-plane shear capacity, the ductility and the dissipated energy of the mock-up.This work was partly financed by FEDER funds through the Operational Programme Competitiveness Factors (COMPETE 2020) and by national funds through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) within the scope of project SafEarth - PTDC/ECM-EST/2777/2014 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016737). The support from grants SFRH/BD/131006/2017 and SFRH/BPD/97082/2013 is also acknowledged. Acknowledgments are addressed to the Laboratory of Structures (LEST) of the University of Minho and to João Bernardino, Lda. and TERRACRUA - Construções Ecológicas Unipessoal, Lda for building the rammed earth model

Efeito da radiação gama nos níveis de tocoferóis em Lactarius deliciosus

Os efeitos da radiação gama no teor de tocoferóis em Lactarius deliciosus L. Gray foi avaliado em amostras submetidas a diferentes períodos de armazenamento a 4 ºC. As doses aplicadas foram 0,5 e 1 kGy a um débito de dose de 2,3 kGy/h, usando uma câmara de radiação gama com fonte de 60Co. Após tratamento, as amostras foram armazenadas sob refrigeração (4 a 5 ºC) e analisadas aos 0, 4 e 8 dias de armazenamento. A composição em tocoferóis foi determinada por HPLC-fluorescência. As amostras não sujeitas a radiação e analisadas de imediato foram os únicos casos em que se detetou β-tocoferol (93±11 μg/100 g massa seca) e γ-tocoferol (68±6 μg/100 g massa seca); sendo que as restantes isoformas diminuíram nas amostras irradiadas e armazenadas, presumivelmente devido a processos oxidativos. Os dados obtidos mostram que, até 1 kGy, a irradiação gama pode fornecer uma alternativa conveniente para garantir a qualidade e prolongar a vida útil de cogumelos.FCT e COMPETE/QREN/UE- projetos estratégicos PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011 do CIMO e PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2011 do REQUIMTE; bolsa SFRH/BD/76019/2011 concedida a A. Fernande

Effects of gamma radiation on physical and chemical parameters of wild Lactarius deliciosus L.

The short shelf life of mushrooms is a barrier to their distribution and, therefore, there has been extensive research to find technologies that ensure the preservation of mushrooms, maintaining their organoleptic properties. Irradiation is an alternative that has already been successfully applied in various food products1. There are several studies in the literature assessing the effects of the application of ionizing radiation in cultivated mushrooms in particular Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus, as reviewed recently by our research group.2 However, there are almost no studies on wild species, which are generally highly valued commercially. Herein, the effects of gamma radiation on physical and chemical properties of wild Lactarius deliciosus L. were evaluated. Irradiation was performed in an experimental equipment with 60Co sources (at the doses 0.5 and 1 kGy) and analyzes were performed throughout the period of storage at 4 °C (0, 4 and 8 days). All results were compared with nonirradiated samples (control). The physical properties determined were mass, color and diameter of the cap3; the chemical properties evaluated included nutritional profile, and fatty acids, tocopherols, mono and oligosaccharides by chromatographic techniques4. The irradiated samples showed similar properties to the control. Up to 1 kGy, gamma irradiation may be an alternative to ensure the quality and prolong the shelf life of mushrooms, since the effects on the tested parameters were less significant than that caused by the storage time.FCT and COMPETE/QREN/UE- strategic projects PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011 (CIMO) and PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2011 (REQUIMTE); grant SFRH/BD/76019/2011 to A. Fernandes

Gamma irradiation protects oleic acid from oxidation: an experiment in Lactarius deliciosus wild mushroom

The short shelf-life of mushrooms is an obstacle to the distribution and marketing of the fresh product. Thus, prolonging postharvest storage, while preserving their quality, would benefit the mushroom industry as well as consumers [1]. There has been extensive research on finding the most appropriate technology for mushrooms preservation and a particular interest arises for wild species. Treatment by irradiation emerges as a possible conservation technique that has been tested successfully in several food products and is regulated in the European Union by the Directive 1999/2/EC. In the present work, the influence of gamma irradiation dose (0.5 and 1 kGy) over the fatty acids profile of Lactarius deliciosus L. wild mushroom, collected in the Northeast of Portugal (November 2011), was evaluated by gas-chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The analyses were performed after 0, 4 and 8 days of storage at 4 ºC in irradiated and non-irradiated samples (control). The control and the irradiated samples revealed an identical profile, with C18:0 (stearic acid), C18:2n6c (linoleic acid), C18:1n9c (oleic acid) and C16:0 (palmitic acid) as main fatty acids. These results are in agreement to the reported by our research group in a previous study with nutritional characterization of this species [1]. Nevertheless, some differences were found in the percentage of some fatty acids in the different samples, mainly in oleic acid. Control sample (non-irradiated) after 8 days of storage, showed a lower C18:1n9c percentage (decreased from 8 to 4.4%) contributing to a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) levels. Otherwise, in the sample irradiated with 0.5 kGy the percentage of the mentioned fatty acid did not changed until day 8. Overall, irradiation could be an alternative to ensure the quality and extend the life of mushrooms, protecting their fatty acids from oxidation, as is was demonstrated herein for oleic acid. In fact, food irradiation is now being commonly used in many countries, as people are becoming more aware of the role of food irradiation in regards to food safety and product shelf-life extension.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support to the research center CIMO (PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011) and REQUIMTE (PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2011). A. Fernandes thanks to FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE for her grant (SFRH/BD/76019/2011)

Influência da radiação gama nas propriedades físicas de Lactarius deliciosus

Este estudo descreve o efeito da radiação gama e do tempo de armazenamento nas propriedades físicas (cor, diâmetro do chapéu e massa) de amostras do cogumelo silvestre Lactarius deliciosus L. Gray, comumente consumido na região de Trás-os-Montes, Nordeste de Portugal. As doses aplicadas foram 0,5 e 1 kGy a um débito de dose de 2,3 kGy/h, usando uma câmara de radiação gama com fonte de 60Co. Após tratamento, as amostras foram armazenadas sob refrigeração (4 a 5 ºC) e analisadas diariamente durante 8 dias. Em simultâneo, foram processadas amostras não sujeitas a qualquer tratamento (controlo). Nas medições de cor, registaram-se os valores de L, a, b, da escala de Hunter, tendo-se observado uma diminuição do parâmetro “a” com a dose de radiação, e uma diminuição do diâmetro do chapéu com o tempo de armazenamento. Em relação à perda de massa ao longo dos 8 dias de armazenamento, os resultados foram muito semelhantes para as amostras irradiadas e não irradiadas. Os resultados obtidos parecem indicar que, até à dose máxima testada (1 kGy), a irradiação gama e o armazenamento a frio não afetam as propriedades físicas analisadas

Caracterización física, físico-química y bioquímica en frutos de biribazeiro através del análisis multivariada

The present study aimed to select matrices of biribazeiro based on physical, physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of its fruits, in order to establish criteria for the genetic improvement program of this species, through the use of multivariate techniques. The UPGMA and main component cluster analysis using biplot were performed in Statística 7.7 software. The characteristics evaluated were: fruit weight, longitudinal and transverse diameter, peel thickness, seed number, spike size, pulp weight, fruit firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, SS / AT ratio, pH, starch, compounds total phenolics, antioxidant activity and vitamin C. The analysis of clusters brought together the matrices in four heterotic groups on the physical and chemical attributes of the fruits. The analysis of the first two main components represented 58.88% of the total data variation and allowed to correlate matrices according to the angle and length of their vectors to the most relevant characters. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the G33, L89, D15 and K24 matrices are characterized by the high soluble solids content, while the matrix E18 presents high potential due to the higher content of bioactive compounds. Regarding the physical characters, highlight materials E23, J08 and C27 due to the higher weight of the pulp. The techniques of multivariate analysis used are consolidated as fundamental tools for the visualization and selection of the promising matrices, aiming at the genetic improvement of the biribazeiro.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo seleccionar matrices biribazario con base en las características bioquímicas de frutas física, físico-química y, a fin de establecer criterios para programa de mejoramiento genético de la especie, utilizando características técnicas multivariadas. El análisis de cluster UPGMA y el componente principal utilizando biplot se realizaron en el software estadístico 7.7. Las características analizadas fueron el peso del fruto, diámetro longitudinal y transversal, el espesor de la cáscara, el número de semillas, tamaño de espiga, peso de la pulpa, firmeza, sólidos solubles, SS / AT, el pH, compuestos de almidón de acidez titulable, fenólicos totales, actividad antioxidante y vitamina C. El análisis de agrupamiento reunió las matrices en cuatro grupos heteróticos sobre los atributos físicos y químicos de los frutos. El análisis de los dos primeros componentes principales representó el 58,88% de la variación total de los datos y permitió correlacionar las matrices de acuerdo con el ángulo y longitud de sus vectores con los caracteres más relevantes. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se concluyó que G33, matrices L89, D15 y K24 se caracterizan por un alto contenido de sólidos solubles, mientras que la matriz E18 tiene un elevado potencial debido al mayor contenido de compuestos bioactivos. En cuanto a los caracteres físicos, se destacaron los materiales E23, J08 y C27 debido al mayor peso de la pulpa. Las técnicas de análisis multivariadas utilizadas se consolidan como herramientas fundamentales para la visualización y selección de matrices promisorias, con el objetivo de mejorar la genética del biribazeiro.Este estudo teve como objetivo selecionar matrizes biribazeiro com base nas características bioquímicas de frutas física, físico-química e, a fim de estabelecer critérios para programa de melhoramento genético da espécie, utilizando características técnicas multivariadas. A análise de cluster UPGMA e o componente principal usando biplot foram realizados no software estatístico 7.7. As características analisadas foram o peso do fruto, longitudinal e transversal de diâmetro, a espessura da casca, o número de sementes de tamanho espiga polpa peso firmeza de sólidos solúveis de frutas, SS / AT, o pH, compostos de amido relação acidez titulável Fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante e vitamina C. A análise de agrupamento reuniu as matrizes em quatro grupos heteróticos sobre os atributos físicos e químicos dos frutos. A análise dos dois primeiros componentes principais representou 58,88% da variação total dos dados e permitiu correlacionar as matrizes de acordo com o ângulo e comprimento de seus vetores com os caracteres mais relevantes. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode concluir-se que G33, matrizes L89, D15 e K24 são caracterizados por um elevado teor de sólidos solúveis, enquanto que a matriz E18 tem um elevado potencial devido ao maior teor de compostos bioactivos. Quanto aos caracteres físicos, destacar os materiais E23, J08 e C27 devido ao maior peso da polpa. As técnicas de análise multivariada utilizadas consolidam-se como ferramentas fundamentais para a visualização e seleção de matrizes promissoras, com o objetivo de melhorar a genética do biribazeiro

Características físicas do fruto do baruzeiro visando a extração da amêndoa

The baru tree fruit has a sustainable economical potential. However, the shelling process to release the whole kernel, the most valued part of the fruit, is still performed in a rather inefficient way. The objective of this investigation was to determine the physical-mechanical properties of the fruit to understand its behavior during shelling. Fruit and nut were characterized by unit mass, dimensions, volume and bulk, and real densities. Compression tests up to endocarp disruption were performed to determine maximum force, corresponding deformation, and deformation energy. X-ray tomography was used to identify potential nut internal dimension changes, affected by the treatments. Whole fruits and nuts showed average unit mass values of 28.20 ± 0.99 g and 16.52 ± 1.67 g, respectively. Their average dimensions, such as length, width, and thickness were 52.40 ± 4.48 mm, 38.31 ± 4.05 mm, and 28.64 ± 3.67 mm, and 50.78 ± 5.57 mm, 34.65 ± 5.14 mm, and 21.36 ± 2.86 mm, respectively. Average bulk and real densities values were 519.33 ± 49.63 kg/m3 and 918.87 ± 77.77 kg/m3, and 517.14 ± 41.88 kg/m3 and 1072.00 ± 187.01 kg/m3, respectively. Considering all treatments, the average rupture force ranged between 7926.7 and 9284.4 N, with corresponding widthwise specific deformation of 5.1% and 6.6%, to release 100% whole kernels of the tested nuts. Up to maximum force, deformation energy values ranged between 6.55 and 9.26J. There was no evidence of treatments’ effect on the internal dimension. Based on its mechanical behavior, showing that it is possible to open the endocarp and release the whole kernel, it was concluded that the baru nut has mechanized shelling potential38418651874O fruto do baruzeiro apresenta potencial econômico sustentável, mas o processo de decorticação com liberação de amêndoa inteira, a parte mais valiosa, é ainda realizada de forma um tanto ineficiente. O objetivo nesta investigação foi determinar suas propriedades físico-mecânicas visando compreensão do seu comportamento durante a decorticação. Fruto e castanha foram caracterizados pela massa, volume e dimensões unitários e massas específicas aparente e real. Ensaios de compressão até a ruptura do endocarpo foram realizados para determinar a força máxima, deformações correspondentes e energia de deformação. Utilizou-se da tomografia de raio-X para investigar potenciais modificações, causadas pelos tratamentos, nas dimensões internas. Fruto e castanha apresentaram massa unitária média de 28,20 ± 0,99 e 16,52 ± 1,67 g, respectivamente. O comprimento, a largura e a espessura médias foram 52,40 ± 4,48, 38,31 ± 4,05 e 28,64 ± 3,67 mm, e 50,78 ± 5,57, 34,65 ± 5,14 e 21,36 ± 2,86 mm, respectivamente. Os valores médios das massas específicas aparente e real foram 519,33 ± 49,63 e 918,87 ± 77,77 kg/m3, e 517,14 ± 41,88 e 1072,00 ± 187,01 kg/m3 , respectivamente. Considerando todos os condicionamentos, a força média de ruptura do endocarpo variou entre 7926,7 e 9284,4 N, com deformação específica entre 5,1 e 6,6% da largura para a obtenção de 100% de amêndoas inteiras. Os valores médios de energia de deformação até a força máxima variaram entre 6,55 e 9,26 J. Não foi possível evidenciar os efeitos dos diversos condicionamentos nas dimensões internas. Devido ao seu comportamento mecânico evidenciar a possibilidade de abertura do endocarpo com liberação de amêndoa inteira, concluiu-se que existe potencial para a decorticação mecanizada da castanha de bar