Differential gene expression across <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> CL-14 and CL Brener developmental stages.

<p>Bar plots of the numbers of genes deemed significantly differentially expressed (adjusted P value <0.05) in (A) CL-14 and (B) CL Brener. The numbers of genes in each category are defined as: log2 fold changes |0–1| (light cyan for positive, light plum for negative), |1–2| (light sky blue for positive, orchid for negative), and |2+| (dodger blue and purple respectively). The diverging patterns of expression are shown by changing bar patterns.</p

Global statistical assessment of biological replicates.

<p>Heat-map <b>(A)</b> and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plots <b>(B)</b> of RNA-Seq data generated from the libraries mapped to the <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> genome following removal of rRNA/tRNA features. Once the outlier sample was removed and data passed through normalization and surrogate variable analysis, the strong clustering by condition became evident in both analyses. In both plots, each sample is color coded by developmental stage/strain (Tryp: trypomastigotes; A60: amastigotes collected 60 hpi; A96: amastigotes collected 96 hpi).</p

Reconfigurable Class S Power Amplifiers at RF and Microwave Frequencies

When a delta-sigma modulator (DSM) is placed before a class D switching stage the combination can be used to amplify time varying envelope signals. However a bandpass DSM is commonly employed and is required to have a sampling frequency approximately four times the carrier frequency. At RF or microwave frequencies proprietary hardware was previously needed to implement the DSM. However, it is shown here in simulation and from experimental measurement that a suitable DSM for class S power amplifiers can be implemented at RF and microwave frequencies using mid-range FPGA technology. Index Terms- Class S, efficiency, power amplifiers, sigma-delta modulatio

Comparative course of infection of human fibroblasts with <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> CL Brener and CL-14.

<p>Intracellular <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> life stages in mammalian cells: extracellular <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> trypomastigotes actively penetrate mammalian cells where they differentiate into amastigotes and escape the vacuole before beginning to proliferate at ~24 hours post-infection <b>(A)</b>. Amastigotes replicate intracellularly in the host cell cytoplasm for 3–5 days, and then differentiate into motile trypomastigotes that are eventually released upon disruption of the host cell. Tissue-culture derived trypomastigotes of the CLB and CL-14 <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> strains were similarly able to establish intracellular infection in cultured HFF <b>(B)</b> but exhibited markedly different intracellular growth dynamics as amastigotes. <b>(C)</b> Differences in the peak day of trypomastigote release from infected monolayers <b>(D)</b>.</p

Comparative global transcriptional expression patterns of <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> genes encoding polymorphic cell surface proteins in CL Brener and CL-14.

<p>MA plots depicting the log2 fold change (logFC) of genes against the average expression level during the transition of CL Brener and CL-14 across developmental stages. Each dot represents one gene and colored dots represent members of the four of the six largest <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> gene families analyzed: MASP (red), Mucin (blue), Trans-sialidase (purple), and GP63 (green). Dots above and below the red lines represent differentially expressed genes (logFC >1).</p

Constitutive expression of a TS gene in CL-14.

<p>The pROCKNeo vector used for transfection of CL-14 has the TS gene (Tc00.1047053509495.30) flanked by the ribosomal promoter and sequences containing signals for mRNA processing derived from the constitutively expressed housekeeping genes TcP2β (at the 5’ end) and gapdh (at the 3’ end) <b>(A)</b>. Total RNA purified from epimastigotes from WT and transgenic parasites were subjected to northern blot and hybridized with a ³²P-labelled probe that contains sequences corresponding to the C-terminal SAPA repeats present in the TS gene. Lower panel shows ethidium bromide staining of rRNAs in the same gel before transferring to the membrane <b>(B)</b>. Total protein extracts from epimastigotes from WT and transgenic parasites were evaluated for the expression of the transfected TS gene by western blotting with a monoclonal antibody anti-SAPA <b>(C)</b>. The infection profiles of four cloned cell lines derived from CL-14 parasites transfected with the TS gene or with the empty pROCKNeo vector, were compared to WT CL-14 and CL Brener in <i>in vitro</i> infection assays of Vero cells. Equal numbers of tissue culture derived trypomastigotes from each parasite cultures were added to Vero cell monolayers and the total number of trypomastigotes released in the supernatant <b>(D)</b> or the numbers of trypomastigotes released in the supernatant each day post-infection were evaluated over 8 days <b>(E)</b>. Five replicates for each infection experiment were performed.</p

Gene ontology (GO) categories (biological process, BP and metabolic function, MF) enriched across the <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> CL Brener and CL-14 life cycles.

<p>Gene ontology (GO) categories (biological process, BP and metabolic function, MF) enriched across the <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> CL Brener and CL-14 life cycles.</p