Changes in blue-LED critical flicker frequency threshold induced by cTBS over left inferior parietal lobule.

<p>Changes in blue LED-critical flicker frequency threshold (CFFt) measured with the ascending method and descending method on the right and left eye induced by cTBS over left inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Each column represents mean value; bars represent SE. Y axis represents CFFt values expressed in Hz. X axis represents time points (T0: before, T1: 5 minutes and T2: 30 minutes after cTBS).</p

Changes in blue-LED critical flicker frequency threshold induced by cTBS over right inferior parietal lobule, primary visual cortex and mediotemporal cortex.

<p>Changes in blue-LED critical flicker frequency threshold (CFFt) measured with the ascending method (left panel) and descending method (right panel) in the right (dark grey column) and left (light gray column) eye induced by cTBS over right inferior parietal lobule (IPL), primary visual cortex (V1) and mediotemporal cortex (hMT/V5). Each column represents mean value; bars represent SE. Y axis represents CFFt values expressed in Hz. X axis represents time points (T0: before, T1: 5 minutes and T2: 30 minutes after cTBS).</p

Changes in red-LED critical flicker frequency threshold induced by cTBS over left inferior parietal lobule.

<p>Changes in red LED-critical flicker frequency threshold (CFFt) measured with the ascending method and descending method on the right and left eye induced by cTBS over left inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Each column represents mean value; bars represent SE. Y axis represents CFFt values expressed in Hz. X axis represents time points (T0: before, T1: 5 minutes and T2: 30 minutes after cTBS).</p

Changes in static and moving phosphenes thresholds induced by cTBS over occipital and mediotemporal cortex.

<p>Changes in static (light gray column) and moving (dark gray column) phosphenes thresholds (PT) induced by cTBS over occipital cortex and mediotemporal cortex, respectively. Each column represents mean value; bars represent SE. Y axis represents stimulation intensity expressed as percentage of maximum stimulator output. X axis represents time points (before and after cTBS)</p

Critical Flicker Frequency (CFFt) and active motor threshold (AMT) values in all the experimental sessions at the baseline.

<p>In the upper panel values of Critical Flicker Frequency (CFFt), expressed in Hz, measured at baseline (T0 =  before cTBS) with ascending and descending methods red- and blue-LED stimulation for left and right eye. In the lower panel values of active motor threshold, expressed in percentage of maximum stimulator output.</p

Changes in somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds (STDT) induced by continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) and intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) over primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in healthy subjects.

<p>Each point represents the mean; bars represent standard error. X axis: time: T0 (before cTBS/iTBS), T1 (5 minutes after cTBS/iTBS) and T2 (15 minutes after cTBS/iTBS). Y axis: STDT expressed in millisecond<b>s</b>. Asterisks indicate statistical significance.</p

Changes in somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds (STDT) induced by continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) over left lateral cerebellum in healthy subjects.

<p>Upper panel: X axis: time: T0 (before cTBS), T1 (5 minutes after cTBS) and T2 (15 minutes after cTBS). Y axis: STDT expressed in millisecond<b>s</b>. Each point represents the mean; bars represent standard error. Lower panel: cTBS-induced changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) size evoked in the right primary motor area (M1). X axis time T0 (before cTBS), T1 (10 minutes after cTBS). Y axis: MEP amplitude expressed as percentage of the MEP at T0.</p

Changes in somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds (STDT) induced by continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) over pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) in healthy subjects.

<p>Each point represents the mean; bars represent standard error. Upper panel: X axis: time: T0 (before cTBS), T1 (5 minutes after cTBS) and T2 (15 minutes after cTBS). Y axis: STDT expressed in millisecond<b>s</b>. Lower panel: cTBS-induced changes in the number of errors subjects made during the experimental procedures.</p

Tactile and Proprioceptive Temporal Discrimination Are Impaired in Functional Tremor

<div><p>Background and Methods</p><p>In order to obtain further information on the pathophysiology of functional tremor, we assessed tactile discrimination threshold and proprioceptive temporal discrimination motor threshold values in 11 patients with functional tremor, 11 age- and sex-matched patients with essential tremor and 13 healthy controls.</p><p>Results</p><p>Tactile discrimination threshold in both the right and left side was significantly higher in patients with functional tremor than in the other groups. Proprioceptive temporal discrimination threshold for both right and left side was significantly higher in patients with functional and essential tremor than in healthy controls. No significant correlation between discrimination thresholds and duration or severity of tremor was found.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Temporal processing of tactile and proprioceptive stimuli is impaired in patients with functional tremor. The mechanisms underlying this impaired somatosensory processing and possible ways to apply these findings clinically merit further research.</p></div

TDT and TDMT in patients with ET, FT and healthy controls.

<p>A) Tactile temporal discrimination thresholds (TDT) obtained in healthy controls (HC), patients with essential tremor (ET) and functional tremor (FT) after stimuli applied separately to the right (blue bars) and left (grey bars) hand; B) Temporal discrimination movement thresholds (TDMT) obtained in HC, and patients with ET, and FT after stimuli applied separately to the right (blue bars) and left (grey bars) first dorsal interosseous (FDI); C) and flexor carpii radialis (FCR) muscles.</p