4,220 research outputs found

    L'histoire du climat par ses extrĂȘmes. Sources gĂ©ohistoriques et inondations dans les PyrĂ©nĂ©es depuis le Petit Age Glaciaire

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    Cet article tente de faire le point sur la pertinence Ă  utiliser les Ă©vĂ©nements hydromĂ©tĂ©orologiques et gĂ©omorphologiques extrĂȘmes, et plus particuliĂšrement les inondations et les crues torrentielles, comme marqueurs des dynamiques climatiques. AprĂšs un Ă©tat des lieux scientifique de cette problĂ©matique, est proposĂ© un panorama des sources historiques les plus intĂ©ressantes pour retracer l'histoire des inondations. On montre ensuite, Ă  partir de l'exemple pyrĂ©nĂ©en, que la dynamique des inondations peut avoir une signification climatique, en particulier dans le contexte du Petit Age Glaciaire. Enfin, sont Ă©galement Ă©voquĂ©s les problĂšmes mĂ©thodologiques qui restent en suspen

    Vulnérabilité et adaptation des sociétés montagnardes à la torrentialité au cours du Petit Age Glaciaire dans les Pyrénées

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    National audienceCet article s'intĂ©resse aux stratĂ©gies adoptĂ©es par les sociĂ©tĂ©s agro-pastorales pyrĂ©nĂ©ennes du passĂ© pour rĂ©duire leur vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© Ă  la torrentialitĂ© catastrophique, notamment lors du Petit Age Glaciaire. AprĂšs une Ă©vocation des caractĂšres hydroclimatiques de cette pĂ©riode dans les PyrĂ©nĂ©es et de ses relations avec la torrentialitĂ©, sont abordĂ©s les types de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© sociale et sociĂ©tale Ă  cette torrentialitĂ©. On montre que la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© passĂ©e ne peut ĂȘtre analysĂ©e par la seule transposition directe des mĂ©thodes d'analyse de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© contemporaine. Sont enfin examinĂ©es les modes d'adaptation variĂ©s mis en Ɠuvre par les sociĂ©tĂ©s montagnardes, qui traduisent finalement trois types de stratĂ©gie face au risque torrentie

    Les armées européennes de Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte (1805-1814)

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    Parmi les généraux des guerres napoléoniennes, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte est probablement celui qui a commandé le plus souvent des contingents étrangers : Bavarois en 1805, Polonais en 1807, Hollandais et Espagnols en 1808, et Saxons en 1809. Il devient ensuite prince héritier de SuÚde et chef de ses armées en 1810, enfin, il commande l'armée du Nord composée de Russes, de Prussiens et de Suédois en 1813. Il réussit à exercer son autorité, parfois avec difficulté, sur ces contingents trÚs variés et s'attache souvent leur reconnaissance avec une certaine habileté. Le cas des Saxons apparaßt particuliÚrement intéressant car leur changement de camp lors de la bataille de Leipzig s'avÚre décisif et à partir de là Bernadotte se fait appeler " sauveur de l'Allemagne ", ou encore, " libérateur de l'Europe "

    Competitive ratio of List Scheduling on uniform machines andrandomized heuristics

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    We study online scheduling on m uniform machines, where m−1 of them have a reference speed 1 and the last one a speed s with 0≀s≀1. The competitive ratio of the well-known List Scheduling (LS) algorithm is determined. For some values of s and m=3, LS is proven to be the best deterministic algorithm. We describe a randomized heuristic for m machines. Finally, for the case m=3, we develop and analyze the competitive ratio of a randomized algorithm which outperforms LS for any

    Sharing beliefs: between agreeing and disagreeing

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    We show that when decision makers are of the multiple prior kind, there is an equivalence between no betting and non empty intersection of the sets of priors.multiple prior; betting

    Preliminary System Safety Analysis with Limited Markov Chain Generation

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    International audienceMarkov chains are a powerful and versatile tool to calculate reliability indicators. However, their use is limited for two reasons: the exponential blow-up of the size of the model, and the di culty to design models. To overcome this second di culty, a solution consists in generating automatically the Markov chain from a higher level description, e.g. a stochastic Petri net or an AltaRica model. These higher level models describe the Markov chain implicitly. In this article, we propose an algorithm to generate partial Markov chains. The idea is to accept a little loss of accuracy in order to limit the size of the generated chain. The cornerstone of this method is a Relevance Factor associated to each state of the chain. This factor enables the selection of the most representative states. We show on an already published test case, that our method provides very accurate results while reducing dramatically the complexity of the assessment. It is worth noticing that the proposed method can be used with different high-level modeling formalisms

    Identification of a 7-phase claw-pole starter-alternator for a micro-hybrid automotive application

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    This paper deals with the identification of a new high power starter-alternator system, using both: a Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling and an experimental vector control. The drive is composed of a synchronous 7-phase claw-pole machine supplied with a low voltage / high current Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). This structure needs specific approaches to plan its electrical and mechanical behaviors and to identify the parameters needed for control purpose. At first, a Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling of the machine is presented. It is used for the predetermination of the electromotive forces and of the torque. Experimental results are in good accordance with numerical results. In a second part, resistive and inductive parameters of the drive are determined by an original experimental approach that takes into account each component of the drive: the battery, the VSI and the machine.Futurelec IV (Region Nord Pas de Calais

    Modeling and Control of a 7-phase Claw-pole Starter-alternator for a Micro-hybrid Automotive Application

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    This paper deals with the modeling and the control of a new high power 12V Integrated Starter Alternator (ISA). This system is used to bring micro-hybrid functions to standard Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. The drive is composed of a seven-phase synchronous claw-pole machine with separate excitation, supplied with a seven-leg Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) designed for low voltage and high current. The system is modeled in a generalized Concordia frame and a graphical description is used to highlight energetic properties of such a complex system. A control scheme is then deduced from this graphical description. Two controls are achieved in generator mode and compared: one is using the VSI in a square-wave mode, the other in a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) mode. Experimental results are provided.This work was supported by the French car supplier Valeoand the regional council of France Region-Nord-Pas-De-Calais
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