Adverse event following vaccine surveillance in Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria (January 2018 - June 2019): analysis of health facility´s records

Introduction: Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) are one of the main reasons for inadequate immunization coverage in Kaduna State, and AEFI underreporting serves as a barrier to achieving goals of global pharmaco-vigilance for vaccine. The purpose of this study is to estimate the completeness of variables in the AEFI line-listing forms, calculate AEFI reporting rates by local government Areas & vaccine type and profile the reported cases according to their reactions. Methods: we conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study of primary surveillance records. We calculated AEFI reporting rates in the State and local government areas and AEFI Vaccine reaction rates to the various antigens. We used Binary logistic regression to determine the association between gender and vaccine reactions. Results: seven thousand eight hundred and twenty-four (7,824) AEFI cases were reported. The completeness of variables on the filled AEFI line-list varied from 21% to 100%. The State had a high AEFI reporting rate of 9.09 per 10,000 administered doses. Fever (<38oC) was the main AEFI reaction. Severe AEFI cases accounted for only 0.89% of the total reported cases. Pentavalent vaccine was the suspect antigen responsible for the highest number of AEFI cases, with a vaccine reaction rate of 44.77 per 10,000 doses. The Zaria Local Government area had the highest AEFI reporting rate, while the Sanga Local Government area had the lowest AEFI reporting rate in the State. The difference between genders in the number of reported AEFI cases was not statistically significant (p>0.05). There were 35% higher odds of occurrence of bleeding among males than among females (aOR:1.354; P-value: p=.012; 95% CI: 1.070-1.715; Nagelkerke-R2-: 0.003). The other reactions were not significantly related to gender. Conclusion: our study shows a higher occurrence of severe AEFI in subjects undergoing pentavalent vaccine. Thiscaused the highest incidence of AEFI. There was no significant association between gender and AEFI reactions

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

INNOVATION IN DATA STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES: FROM CLOUD COMPUTING TO EDGE COMPUTING

In an era where data is the new gold, understanding the evolution and future trajectory of data storage technologies is crucial. This paper delves into the transformative journey from traditional storage methods to contemporary paradigms like cloud and edge computing, underpinned by the burgeoning influence of Big Data, IoT, AI, and machine learning. The study's aim is to provide a comprehensive analysis of these technologies, assessing their development, efficacy, and the challenges they face in meeting the escalating demands of data storage. The methodology employed is a meticulous synthesis of literature reviews, case studies, and comparative analyses. This approach facilitates an in-depth exploration of the historical evolution of data storage, the paradigm shifts from cloud to edge computing, and the interplay between technological advancements and user demands. The study also scrutinizes the security concerns inherent in these technologies and identifies strategic directions for future research. Key findings reveal that while cloud computing has revolutionized data storage with its scalability and flexibility, edge computing emerges as a vital solution to latency and bandwidth limitations. The integration of AI and machine learning is identified as a pivotal factor in enhancing the efficiency and intelligence of data storage systems. However, this integration presents unique challenges, necessitating innovative solutions. Conclusively, the study recommends a continued focus on innovation in data storage technologies, emphasizing the development of integrated, secure, and efficient solutions. Future research should particularly explore the potential of AI and machine learning in overcoming current limitations. The paper's scope encompasses a comprehensive overview of the current state and future potential of data storage technologies, making it a valuable resource for researchers, technologists, and policymakers in the field. Keywords: Data Storage Technologies, Cloud Computing, Edge Computing, Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI)

CYBERSECURITY CHALLENGES IN SMART CITIES: A CASE REVIEW OF AFRICAN METROPOLISES

The rapid urbanization and digital transformation of cities across Africa have given rise to the concept of Smart Cities, where advanced technologies are integrated to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and the overall quality of urban life. However, this paradigm shift towards interconnected and technology-driven urban environments brings forth a host of cybersecurity challenges that demand careful consideration. This paper explores the cybersecurity challenges in Smart Cities, focusing on a case review of African metropolises. African cities, emblematic of the global urbanization trend, are embracing Smart City initiatives to address urban challenges and foster economic development. While these initiatives promise improved services and enhanced connectivity, they concurrently expose cities to a myriad of cybersecurity threats. The interconnectedness of devices and systems in Smart Cities creates a vast attack surface, making them susceptible to cyber-attacks ranging from data breaches to infrastructure disruptions. This case review delves into specific instances of cybersecurity challenges faced by African metropolises in their quest for technological advancement. It analyzes the vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure, such as energy grids, transportation systems, and healthcare networks, highlighting the potential risks associated with inadequate cybersecurity measures. Moreover, the paper sheds light on the socio-economic implications of cyber threats in Smart Cities, emphasizing the importance of resilient cybersecurity frameworks in safeguarding citizen data and urban functionality. In conclusion, the paper underscores the urgent need for comprehensive cybersecurity strategies tailored to the unique challenges faced by Smart Cities in Africa. The findings aim to contribute to a better understanding of the intricate relationship between urbanization, technology, and cybersecurity, offering insights that can inform policy decisions, technological implementations, and collaborative efforts to build secure and resilient Smart Cities in the African context. Keywords: Cybersecurity, Smart Cities, Africa, Metropolis, Review

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON CYBERSECURITY: MODERN THREATS AND ADVANCED DEFENSE STRATEGIES

In the rapidly evolving landscape of cyberspace, the prevalence of sophisticated cyber threats has escalated, posing formidable challenges to individuals, organizations, and nations. This comprehensive review explores the contemporary panorama of cybersecurity, focusing on the latest threats and the advanced defense strategies employed to mitigate them. The analysis encompasses a wide spectrum of cyber threats, including malware, ransomware, phishing attacks, and advanced persistent threats (APTs), shedding light on their evolving tactics, techniques, and procedures. The review delves into the intricate world of cybercrime, emphasizing the motives behind attacks and the diverse range of threat actors involved, from individual hackers to state-sponsored entities. By examining recent case studies and real-world incidents, the review provides valuable insights into the dynamic nature of cyber threats, emphasizing the need for proactive and adaptive cybersecurity measures. Furthermore, the review critically evaluates cutting-edge defense mechanisms and strategies deployed to counteract these threats. It explores advancements in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and behavioral analytics, showcasing their pivotal roles in bolstering cybersecurity defenses. Additionally, the review discusses the importance of threat intelligence sharing, collaborative efforts, and international cooperation to fortify the global cyber defense ecosystem. As cybersecurity extends beyond technical measures, the review also addresses the human element, emphasizing the significance of cybersecurity awareness training and the role of employees in fortifying organizational resilience. It scrutinizes regulatory frameworks and compliance standards that play a crucial role in shaping cybersecurity policies and practices. By synthesizing the latest research, industry best practices, and expert insights, this comprehensive review aims to provide a holistic understanding of the current state of cybersecurity, offering practitioners, policymakers, and researchers a valuable resource to navigate the intricate challenges posed by modern cyber threats and to develop effective defense strategies for the digital age. Keywords: Cybersecurity, Threats, Defense Strategy, Cyber Threats, Review

Flavonoid-rich extract from Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) seed attenuated Ethanol-Induced Kidney injury in Wistar Rats

Background: Ethanol intake can cause oxidative stress, tissue inflammation, and renal damage by producing free radicals. Flavonoids are phenolic chemicals found in a range of fruits, vegetables, tea, and wine. More significantly, many flavonoids are active constituents in traditional Chinese herbal medicines, which have no adverse effects in general. However, there is a paucity of research on the therapeutic effectiveness of Citrullus lanatus seed flavonoids against renal damage. Method: The rats were split into six groups: normal, ethanol (10 ml/kg of 50% ethanol), flavonoids (100 mg/kg/day), ethanol plus low and high flavonoid dosages (ET + 100 and 200 mg/kg FCL), and ethanol plus Silymarin (ET + 100 mg/kg SLY). The levels of serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, and nitrite oxide (NO) were measured, as were oxidative stress markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory markers such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Then, the kidney organ was harvested for histological study. Results: Citrullus lanatus seed flavonoids (FCL) substantially (p < 0.05) reduced ethanol-induced increases in creatinine, urea, and uric acid. When rats administered FCL were compared to untreated ethanol rats, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in CAT, SOD, and GPx levels, as well as decreased MDA. FCL significantly reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels in ethanol-treated rats. A histological examination significantly corroborated the biochemical assay result. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that the flavonoid-rich fraction of Citrullus lanatus seed has therapeutic potential against ethanol-induced kidney injury by lowering the rise in renal function, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress. As a result, FCL may work as a plant-based natural therapy to minimise kidney damage. As a result, in the preclinical context, FCL has the potential to minimise organ toxicity for oral therapeutic purposes