Calibração de medidores de íons específicos para determinação da concentração de nutrientes na solução do solo e na seiva da planta

O manejo da fertirrigação requer métodos rápidos e precisos para a determinação das concentrações de nutrientes na solução do solo e na seiva da planta. Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o desempenho de medidores de íons específicos (MIE) na determinação das concentrações de NO3-, K+ and Na+ na solução do solo e na seiva de plantas de tomate para fins de manejo da fertirrigação. O tomateiro foi cultivado em um ambiente protegido com diferentes níveis de N, K e Na na água de irrigação. A solução do solo foi coletada a 15 cm de profundidade com cápsulas de cerâmica porosa e as concentrações de NO3-, K+ and Na+ foram determinadas com os MIE e também no laboratório pelos métodos-padrões. Ao final do ciclo da cultura, 50 amostras de folhas também foram coletadas e as concentrações dos nutrientes na seiva do pecíolo foram analisadas com os MIE e comparadas com os teores de N, K e a na matéria seca das folhas. As concentrações na solução do solo e na seiva da planta determinadas com os MIE apresentaram boas correlações com as determinações na solução do solo e na matéria seca das folhas, respectivamente, efetuadas pelos métodos-padrões. A utilização dos MIE é vantajosa devido à rapidez das análises e aos baixos custos.Fertigation management requires rapid and accurate methods to determine nutrient concentrations in soil solution and in plant sap. This study was developed to evaluate the performance of cardy-ion meters (CIM) for the determinations of NO3-, K+ and Na+ concentrations in soil solution and tomato plant sap, for fertigation management purposes. Tomato was cultivated in a greenhouse with different levels of N, K and Na in the irrigation water. Soil solution was collected by suction at the 15 cm depth with porous ceramic cups and the concentrations of NO3-, K+ and Na+ were determined by CIM and also in the laboratory by standard methods. At the end of the cropping season, 50 leaf samples were also collected and concentrations of the nutrients in the petiole sap were analyzed by CIM and compared to the amounts of total-N, K and Na in the dry matter of the leaves. Concentrations in soil solution and plant sap determined by CIM presented good correlations with measurements in soil solution and in leaf dry matter, respectively, analysed by standard methods. The use of CIM is advantageous due to the quickness of the analyses and the low cost

Effect of water deficiency in the utilization of nitrogen (15n) by wheat crops

This paper deals with a study of the efficiency of three nitrogen-15N fertilizers: ammonium sulphate, urea, and ammonium nitrate on wheat crops. The fertilizers were applied by throwing and then incorporated to the soil or in the furrows, at the rate of 120 kg N/ha, half at sowing and half at sowing and half by throwing at the tillering stage. The results were as follows: all fertilizers gave similar effects in straw and grain yields, in the percentage of nitrogen derived from the fertilizers and percentage of fertilizer nitrogen utilized. When the nitrogen fertilizers were applied along the seed rows (5 cm apart and 2 cm deep) it was observed higher values in the nitrogen contents of the grains and in the efficiency of the fertilizers. The mean of all results indicated that 23% of the nitrogen applied was recovered by the wheat plants.Três fontes de nitrogênio - 15n foram utilizadas: sulfato de amônio, nitrato de amônio e uréia. Elas foram aplicadas no plantio de dois modos: a lanço e a seguir incorporadas ao solo, ou no sulco de plantio. Determinou-se a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio - 15n aplicado no plantio e no perfilhamento, sendo respectivamente, em media 14 e 13% do nitrogênio aplicado e utilizados pelo trigo. Obtiveram-se valores de 16 e 12% de eficiência do nitrogênio - 15n aplicado no sulco de plantio ou a lanço e a seguir incorporado ao solo, respectivamente

Effect of water deficiency in the utilization of nitrogen (15n) by wheat crops

Três fontes de nitrogênio - 15n foram utilizadas: sulfato de amônio, nitrato de amônio e uréia. Elas foram aplicadas no plantio de dois modos: a lanço e a seguir incorporadas ao solo, ou no sulco de plantio. Determinou-se a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio - 15n aplicado no plantio e no perfilhamento, sendo respectivamente, em media 14 e 13% do nitrogênio aplicado e utilizados pelo trigo. Obtiveram-se valores de 16 e 12% de eficiência do nitrogênio - 15n aplicado no sulco de plantio ou a lanço e a seguir incorporado ao solo, respectivamente.This paper deals with a study of the efficiency of three nitrogen-15N fertilizers: ammonium sulphate, urea, and ammonium nitrate on wheat crops. The fertilizers were applied by throwing and then incorporated to the soil or in the furrows, at the rate of 120 kg N/ha, half at sowing and half at sowing and half by throwing at the tillering stage. The results were as follows: all fertilizers gave similar effects in straw and grain yields, in the percentage of nitrogen derived from the fertilizers and percentage of fertilizer nitrogen utilized. When the nitrogen fertilizers were applied along the seed rows (5 cm apart and 2 cm deep) it was observed higher values in the nitrogen contents of the grains and in the efficiency of the fertilizers. The mean of all results indicated that 23% of the nitrogen applied was recovered by the wheat plants

Uptake and distribution of soil applied zinc by citrus trees-addressing fertilizer use efficiency with 68Zn labeling.

The zinc (Zn) supply increases the fruit yield of Citrus trees that are grown, especially in the highly weathered soils of the tropics due to the inherently low nutrient availability in the soil solution. Leaf sprays containing micronutrients are commonly applied to orchards, even though the nutrient supply via soil could be of practical value. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zn fertilizers that are applied to the soil surface on absorption and partitioning of the nutrient by citrus trees. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with one-year-old sweet orange trees. The plants were grown in soils with different textures (18.1 or 64.4% clay) that received 1.8 g Zn per plant, in the form of either ZnO or ZnSO4 enriched with the stable isotope 68Zn. Zinc fertilization increased the availability of the nutrient in the soil and the content in the orange trees. Greater responses were obtained when ZnSO4 was applied to the sandy loam soil due to its lower specific metal adsorption compared to that of the clay soil. The trunk and branches accumulated the most fertilizer-derived Zn (Zndff) and thus represent the major reserve organ for this nutrient in the plant. The trees recovered up to 4% of the applied Zndff. Despite this relative low recovery, the Zn requirement of the trees was met with the selected treatment based on the total leaf nutrient content and increased Cu/Zn-SOD activity in the leaves. We conclude that the efficiency of Zn fertilizers depends on the fertilizer source and the soil texture, which must be taken into account by guidelines for fruit crop fertilization via soil, in substitution or complementation of traditional foliar sprays

Leaching of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium in a sandy soil cultivated with sugarcane

Realizou-se um experimento em lisímetro cultivado com cana-de-açúcar para avaliar a lixiviação do N, oriundo da uréia (15N) ou do solo e de restos culturais, bem como do K+, Ca2+e Mg2+. O experimento foi um fatorial 2x4. Os fatores foram: 1) adição diferenciada de dois tipos de restos culturais ao solo, simulando condições de reforma de canavial após a colheita da cana, com ou sem prévia despalha a fogo; 2) quatro doses de N: 0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1. Durante o período experimental o volume total de água recebido pela cultura foi de 2.015 mm, sendo 1.255 mm de precipitações e 760 mm de irrigações. Não foi verificada perda por lixiviação do N derivado do fertilizante (15N). Nas três primeiras semanas ocorreram as maiores perdas de N por lixiviação que foram provenientes do solo ou dos restos culturais. O valor médio do N lixiviado durante o período experimental de 11 meses foi de 4,5 kg ha-1. Os valores médios de perdas de K+, Ca2+ e Mg2+ foram de 13, 320 e 80 kg ha-1, respectivamente.A lysimeter experiment was carried out with sugarcane aiming to evaluate the leaching of nitrogen derived from either urea (15N) or the soil/sugarcane crop residues. The leaching of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ was also evaluated. The experiment was a factorial 2x4. The influencing factors were: firstly, the differential addition of two kinds of sugarcane remains to the soil, simulating conditions of cane- plantation renewal after the cane crop harvest, with and without previous straw removal by burning; secondly, four doses of N: 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1. During the experimental period the total volume of water received by the sugarcane-soil system was 2,015 mm, with 1,255 mm as precipitation and 760 mm as irrigation. The loss of N by leaching from the fertilizer (15N) was not detected. In the first three weeks the largest losses of N by leaching occurred, originating from the soil/sugarcane remains-N. The mean of leached N during the experimental period of 11 months was of 4.5 kg ha-1. The mean losses of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were of 13, 320 and 80 kg ha-1, respectively

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the leaves of young orange trees 150 days after Zn application (enriched on ⁶⁸Zn) in different soils.

<p>Legend: Bovine SOD standard (S), ZnSO₄ (S1), and ZnO (O1) in the sandy loam soil; ZnSO₄ (S2) and ZnO (O2) in the clay soil.</p

Zinc derived from fertilizer (Zn_dff) in young orange trees 150 days after ⁶⁸Zn application in soils with sandy loam or clay texture.

<p>Soil type: the means (n = 3 or 6) followed by different uppercase letters within the columns are significantly different by the Tukey test (<i>p</i><0.05). Zn sources: the means (n = 3 or 6) followed by different lowercase letters across paired columns are significantly different by the Tukey test (<i>p</i><0.05).</p><p>^aF test in the ANOVA of Soil vs. Source for each evaluated parameter. ns: not significant (<i>p</i>>0.05);</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.05;</p><p>**<i>p</i><0.01.</p><p>^bYoung fruits: 3–5 cm in diameter.</p><p>Zinc derived from fertilizer (Zn_dff) in young orange trees 150 days after ⁶⁸Zn application in soils with sandy loam or clay texture.</p