A Study on Changes in GDP due to its Relative Dependence on Tourism Receipts

Tourism is a social phenomenon, driven by the natural urge of human beings to experience new places, cuisines, and destinations. The tourism industry being an established industry is considered as a vehicle for economic development. It is amongst the top ten sectors in India as it attracts a high level of foreign direct investment (FDI).The tourism industry has contributed a lot to the economy by attracting a large number of both foreign and domestic tourists travelling for professional as well as holiday purposes. This results in increased foreign exchange income and greater employment opportunities that stimulate the growth of tourism industry as well the overall economic growth.This research is mainly directed towards finding out the contribution of tourism sector towards the GDP of the country and giving suggestions on ways to improve it further. The possibilities of improvement and increase of foreign cash inflow is a crucial part of tourism sector towards contributions to the economy. The researcher has used correlation and regression to establish the relationship as well as the influence of the tourism sector towards GDP and has found a positive impact, and this has been evident in all the countries. But if we compare the GDP contribution of the tourism sector from a world perspective, Indian tourism sector has not contributed enough to GDP. World average contribution from tourism sector towards GDP is 9.8%,but India’s contribution towards GDP is 6.7%. This shows that there is huge opportunity in Indian tourism sector, and this huge opportunity has to be capitalized through government policies and reforms

Di- and Tri-nuclear VIII^{III} and CrIII^{III} Complexes of Dipyridyltriazoles: Ligand Rearrangements, Mixed Valency and Ferromagnetic Coupling

The first dinuclear and trinuclear chromium(III) and dinuclear vanadium(III) complexes of N$^{4}$-R-substituted-3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole (Rdpt) ligands have been prepared by solvothermal complexations under inert atmospheres, and characterized. The reactions of Cr$^{III}$ and V$^{III}$ with adpt (R = amino) resulted in deamination of the ligand and yielded the dinuclear doubly-triazolate bridged complexes [V$_{2}^{III}$(dpt$^{-}$)$_{2}$Cl$_{4}$] (1) and [Cr$_{2}^{III}$(dpt$^{-}$)$_{2}$Cl$_{4}$] (2). In the case of the Cr$^{III}$ complex 2 this bridging results in a rare example of ferromagnetic coupling for a dinuclear Cr$^{III}$ compound. DFT studies confirm that in 2 the ferromagnetic coupling pathways dominate over the antiferromagnetic pathways, whereas in 1 the reverse occurs, consistent with the observed overall antiferromagnetic coupling in that case. It was also found that the use of different additives in the reaction allows the nuclearity of the Cr$^{III}$ product to be manipulated, giving either the dinuclear system, or the first example of a trinuclear circular helicate for a Rdpt complex, [Cr$_{3}^{III}$(dpt)$_{3}$Cl$_{6}$]·1¾MeCN·¼DCM (3). Reaction of N$^{4}$-pydpt (R = 4-pyridyl) with V$^{III}$ led to an unusual shift of the pyridyl substituent from N$^{4}$ to N$^{1}$ of the triazole, forming the ligand isomer N$^{1}$-pydpt, and giving a dinuclear doubly-triazole bridged complex, [V$_{2}^{III}$(N$^{1}$-pydpt)$_{2}$Cl$_{6}$]·2MeCN (4). Reaction with Cr$^{III}$ results in loss of the 4-pyridyl ring and a mixture of the di- and trinuclear complexes, 2 and 3. Interestingly, partial oxidation of the V$^{III}$ in dinuclear complex 4 to vanadyl V$^{IV}$=O was identified by crystallographic analysis of partially oxidized single crystals, [(V$^{IV}$O)$_{0.84}$(V$^{III}$)$_{1.16}$(N$^{1}$-pydpt)$_{2}$Cl$_{5.16}$] 0.84H$_{2}$O 1.16MeCN (5)

Terminal Ligand and Packing Effects on Slow Relaxation in an Isostructural Set of [Dy(H2_{2}dapp)X2_{2}]+ Single Molecule Magnets**

Three new dysprosium complexes with a pentadentate ligand occupying five equatorial sites differ only in the nature of the axial ligands. These help tune the relaxation properties as judged by an analysis of the AC susceptibility data. More in depth analysis by using two recently suggested fitting equations lead to similar outcomes for all three systems. As a further contribution to the relaxation pathway involving the phonon bath it is concluded that a short nitrate-nitrate interaction between molecules helps dampen the spin phonon coupling. We report three structurally related single ion Dy compounds using the pentadentate ligand 2,6-bis((E)-1-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)-hydrazineylidene)ethyl)pyridine (H$_{2}$dapp) [Dy(H$_{2}$dapp)(NO$_{3}$)$_{2}$]NO$_{3}$ (1), [Dy(H$_{2}$dapp)(OAc)$_{2}$]Cl (2) and [Dy(H$_{2}$dapp)(NO$_{3}$)$_{2}$]Cl$_{0.92}$(NO$_{3}$)$_{0.08}$ (3). The (H$_{2}$dapp) occupies a helical twisted pentagonal equatorial arrangement with two anionic ligands in the axial positions. Further influence on the electronic and magnetic structure is provided by a closely associated counterion interacting with the central N−H group of the (H$_{2}$dapp). The slow relaxation of the magnetisation shows that the anionic acetates give the greatest slowing down of the magnetisation reversal. Further influence on the relaxation properties of compounds1 and 2 is the presence of short nitrate-nitrate intermolecular ligand contact opening further lattice relaxation pathways

Spin Chirality in a Molecular Dysprosium Triangle: the Archetype of the Non-Collinear Ising Model

Single crystal magnetic studies combined with a theoretical analysis show that cancellation of the magnetic moments in the trinuclear Dy3+ cluster [Dy3(OH)2L3Cl(H2O)5]Cl3, resulting in a non-magnetic ground doublet, originates from the non-collinearity of the single ion easy axes of magnetization of the Dy3+ ions that lie in the plane of the triangle at 120 (deg.) one from each other. This gives rise to a peculiar chiral nature of the ground non-magnetic doublet and to slow relaxation of the magnetization with abrupt accelerations at the crossings of the discrete energy levels.Comment: 4 pages and 5 figure

Neutron studies of a high spin Fe19_{19} molecular nanodisc

The molecular cluster system [Fe$_{19}$(metheidi)$_{10}$(OH)$_{14}$O$_{6}$(H$_{2}$O)$_{12}$]NO$_{3}$·24H$_{2}$O, abbreviated as Fe$_{19}$, contains nineteen Fe(III) ions arranged in a disc-like structure with the total spin S = 35/2. For the first order, it behaves magnetically as a single molecule magnet with a 16 K anisotropy barrier. The high spin value enhances weak intermolecular interactions for both dipolar and superexchange mechanisms and an eventual transition to antiferromagnetic order occurs at 1.2 K. We used neutron diffraction to determine both the mode of ordering and the easy spin axis. The observed ordering was not consistent with a purely dipolar driven order, indicating a significant contribution from intermolecular superexchange. The easy axis is close to the molecular Fe1–Fe10 axis. Inelastic neutron scattering was used to follow the magnetic order parameter and to measure the magnetic excitations. Direct transitions to at least three excited states were found in the 2 to 3 meV region. Measurements below 0.2 meV revealed two low energy excited states, which were assigned to S = 39/2 and S = 31/2 spin states with respective excitation gaps of 1.5 and 3 K. Exchange interactions operating over distances of order 10 Å were determined to be on the order of 5 mK and were eight-times stronger than the dipolar coupling

East African lake evidence for Pliocene millennial-scale climate variability

Late Cenozoic climate history in Africa was punctuated by episodes of variability, characterized by the appearance and disappearance of large freshwater lakes within the East African Rift Valley. In the Baringo-Bogoria basin, a well-dated sequence of diatomites and fluviolacustrine sediments documents the precessionally forced cycling of an extensive lake system between 2.70 Ma and 2.55 Ma. One diatomite unit was studied, using the oxygen isotope composition of diatom silica combined with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and taxonomic assemblage changes, to explore the nature of climate variability during this interval. Data reveal a rapid onset and gradual decline of deepwater lake conditions, which exhibit millennial-scale cyclicity of ∼1400–1700 yr, similar to late Quaternary Dansgaard-Oeschger events. These cycles are thought to reflect enhanced precipitation coincident with increased monsoonal strength, suggesting the existence of a teleconnection between the high latitudes and East Africa during this period. Such climatic variability could have affected faunal and floral evolution at the time

Inorganic Approach to Stabilizing Nanoscale Toroidicity in a Tetraicosanuclear Fe18_{18}Dy6_{6} Single Molecule Magnet

Cyclic coordination clusters (CCCs) are proving to provide an extra dimension in terms of exotic magnetic behavior as a result of their finite but cyclized chain structures. The Fe$_{18}$Dy$_{6}$ CCC is a Single Molecule Magnet with the highest nuclearity among Ln containing clusters. The three isostructural compounds [Fe$_{18}$Ln$_{6}$(μ-OH)$_{6}$(ampd)$_{12}$(Hampd)$_{12}$(PhCO$_{2}$)$_{24}$](NO$_{3}$)$_{6}$·38MeCN for Ln = Dy$^{III}$ (1), Lu$^{III}$ (2), or Y$^{III}$ (3), where H$_{2}^{-}$ampd = 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, are reported. These can be described in terms of the cyclization of six {Fe$_{3}$Ln(μOH)(ampd)$_{2}$(Hampd)$_{2}$(PhCO$_{2}$)$_{4}$}$^{+}$ units with six nitrate counterions to give the neutral cluster. The overall structure consists of two giant Dy$_{3}$ triangles sandwiching a strongly antiferromagnetically coupled Fe$_{18}$ ring, leading to a toroidal arrangement of the anisotropy axis of the Dy ions, making this the biggest toroidal arrangement on a molecular level known so far

High spin cycles: topping the spin record for a single molecule verging on quantum criticality

The cyclisation of a short chain into a ring provides fascinating scenarios in terms of transforming a finite array of spins into a quasiinfinite structure. If frustration is present, theory predicts interesting quantum critical points, where the ground state and thus lowtemperature properties of a material change drastically upon even a small variation of appropriate external parameters. This can be visualised as achieving a very high and pointed summit where the way down has an infinity of possibilities, which by any parameter change will be rapidly chosen, in order to reach the final ground state. Here we report a mixed 3d/4f cyclic coordination cluster that turns out to be very near or even at such a quantum critical point. It has a ground state spin of S = 60, the largest ever observed for a molecule (120 times that of a single electron). [Fe10Gd10(Me-tea)10(Me-teaH)10(NO3)10]\ub720MeCN forms a nano-torus with alternating gadolinium and iron ions with a nearest neighbour Fe\u2013Gd coupling and a frustrating next-nearest neighbour Fe\u2013Fe coupling. Such a spin arrangement corresponds to a cyclic delta or saw-tooth chain, which can exhibit unusual frustration effects. In the present case, the quantum critical point bears a \u2018flatland\u2019 of tens of thousands of energetically degenerate states between which transitions are possible at no energy costs with profound caloric consequences. Entropy-wise the energy flatland translates into the pointed summit overlooking the entropy landscape. Going downhill several target states can be reached depending on the applied physical procedure which offers new prospects for addressability

J/Ѱ polarization in p+p collisions at √s = 200 GeV in STAR

We report on a polarization measurement of inclusive J/Ѱ mesons in the di-electron decay channel at mid-rapidity at 2 \u3c pT \u3c 6 GeV/c in p + p collisions at √s = 200 GeV. Data were taken with the STAR detector at RHIC. The J/Ѱ polarization measurement should help to distinguish between different models of the J/Ѱ production mechanism since they predict different pT dependences of the J/Ѱ polarization. In this analysis, J/Ѱ is studied in the helicity frame. The polarization parameter λθ measured at RHIC becomes smaller towards high pT, indicating more longitudinal J/Ѱ polarization as pT increases. The result is compared with predictions of presently available models

Jet Dipolarity: Top Tagging with Color Flow

A new jet observable, dipolarity, is introduced that can distinguish whether a pair of subjets arises from a color singlet source. This observable is incorporated into the HEPTopTagger and is shown to improve discrimination between top jets and QCD jets for moderate to high pT.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures (updated to JHEP version