Gas temperature measurements using the dual-line detection Rayleigh scattering technique

A new laser-induced Rayleigh scattering method is presented for the improved temperature diagnostics of gas flows. In the present technique, the two lines of a copper vapor laser are used to obtain the time and space resolved temperature. A single set of optics is used to form the optical probe and to collect the signal simultaneously from both the 510 nm and the 578 nm lines. The dual-line detection allows for the determination and removal of surface-scattered laser light from a Rayleigh signal thereby improving the applicability of Rayleigh scattering to near wall flows with a high degree of glare. An optical system using the dual-line detection technique is built, calibrated and tested in a hot air jet under various levels of background contamination. The results indicate that highly accurate temperature measurements are possible even when the laser-line background intensity, captured by the collecting optics, is five times that of the Rayleigh signal

Dual-Line Detection Rayleigh Scattering Measurements of Density and Temperature

Measurements of the laser Rayleigh scattering signal in a flow to determine density and temperature have been commonly employed in open flames and in wind tunnel environments. In these measurements, the density or reciprocal temperature is correlated with the Rayleigh scattering signal intensity. A major advantage of Rayleigh scattering for these applications is the simple experimental arrangement allowed by this technique. Intensity-based Rayleigh scattering measurements of density and temperature have been limited to relatively clean flows in open environments so that interference from particle scattering and laser scattering is minimal. A new approach, using dual-line detection Rayleigh (DLDR) scattering extends the applicability of Rayleigh scattering measurements of density and temperature to enclosed environments where surface scattering interference is high. Depending on particle size and optical properties, this approach may also reduce interference from particle scattering

Sammelrezension aktueller Literatur

Rezension zu: 1) Annen, Silvia: Anerkennung von Kompetenzen - Kriterienorientierte Analyse ausgewählter Verfahren in Europa. Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag 2012. Schriftenreihe des Bundesinstituts für Berufsbildung Bonn. ISBN 978-3-7639-1151-6. 2) Elke Gruber, Gisela Wiesner (Hg.): Erwachsenenpädagogische Kompetenzen stärken - Kompetenzbilanzierung für Weiterbildner/innen. Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag 2012. ISBN 978-3-7639-4908-3. 3) Rolf Arnold: Systemische Erwachsenenbildung - die transformierende Kraft des begleiteten Selbstlernens. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag Hohengehren 2013. Schriftenreihe Systhemia - Systemische Pädagogik, Bd. 10. ISBN 978-3-8340-1210-4. 4) Matthias Herrle: Ermöglichung pädagogischer Interaktionen - Disponibilitätsmanagement in Veranstaltungen der Erwachsenen-/Weiterbildung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS 2013. ISBN 978-3-531-18632-0. 5) Katrin Kaufmann: Informelles Lernen im Spiegel des Weiterbildungsmonitorings. Wiesbaden: Springer VS 2012. ISBN 978-3-531-19384-7. 6) Hans-Christoph Koller, Roland Reichenbach, Norbert Ricken (Hg.): Philosophie des Lehrens. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag 2012. Schriftenreihe der Kommission Bildungs- und Erziehungsphilosophie in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Erziehungswissenschaft. ISBN 978-3-506-77587-0. 7) Bernhard Leipold: Lebenslanges Lernen und Bildung im Alter. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag 2012. Grundriss Gerontologie, Bd. 9. ISBN 978-3-17-017583-9. 8) Joachim Ludwig (Hg.): Lernen und Lernberatung - Alphabetisierung als Herausforderung für die Erwachsenendidaktik. Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag 2012. Reihe: Theorie und Praxis der Erwachsenenbildung. ISBN 978-3-7639-5067-6. 9) Nadja Miersch: Anspruch und Wirklichkeit wissenschaftlicher Weiterbildung an öffentlichen Hochschulen - Implementierung einer Qualitätspolitik. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac 2012. Schriftenreihe Lehre & Forschung, Bd. 15. ISBN 978-3-8300-6638-5. 10) Elke Heidrun Schmidt: Altersbilder in der Erwachsenenbildung - Ältere Menschen im Spiegel westdeutscher Volkshochschulprogramme: Längsschnittuntersuchungen 1950-2000. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac 2013. Schriftenreihe Studien zur Erwachsenenbildung, Bd. 36. ISBN 978-3-8300-6725-2. 11) Hildegard Schröteler-von Brandt, Thomas Coelen, Andreas Zeising, Angela Ziesche (Hg.): Raum für Bildung - Ästhetik und Architektur von Lern- und Lebensorten. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag 2012. ISBN 978-3-8376-2205-8

Essential Domains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Invasins Utilized to Infect Mammalian Host Cells

Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease of humans and domestic animals. The obligate intracellular bacterium uses its invasins OmpA, Asp14, and AipA to infect myeloid and non-phagocytic cells. Identifying the domains of these proteins that mediate binding and entry, and determining the molecular basis of their interactions with host cell receptors would significantly advance understanding of A. phagocytophilum infection. Here, we identified the OmpA binding domain as residues 59 to 74. Polyclonal antibody generated against a peptide spanning OmpA residues 59 to 74 inhibited A. phagocytophilum infection of host cells and binding to its receptor, sialyl Lewis x (sLex-capped P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1. Molecular docking analyses predicted that OmpA residues G61 and K64 interact with the two sLex sugars that are important for infection, α2,3-sialic acid and α1,3-fucose. Amino acid substitution analyses demonstrated that K64 was necessary, and G61 was contributory, for recombinant OmpA to bind to host cells and competitively inhibit A. phagocytophilum infection. Adherence of OmpA to RF/6A endothelial cells, which express little to no sLex but express the structurally similar glycan, 6-sulfo-sLex, required α2,3-sialic acid and α1,3-fucose and was antagonized by 6-sulfo-sLex antibody. Binding and uptake of OmpA-coated latex beads by myeloid cells was sensitive to sialidase, fucosidase, and sLex antibody. The Asp14 binding domain was also defined, as antibody specific for residues 113 to 124 inhibited infection. Because OmpA, Asp14, and AipA each contribute to the infection process, it was rationalized that the most effective blocking approach would target all three. An antibody cocktail targeting the OmpA, Asp14, and AipA binding domains neutralized A. phagocytophilumbinding and infection of host cells. This study dissects OmpA-receptor interactions and demonstrates the effectiveness of binding domain-specific antibodies for blocking A. phagocytophilum infection

2D parallel optical interconnects between CMOS ICs

The CMOS IC industry thrives on the down-scaling drive for ever smaller transistors, leading to faster, smaller and more complex digital systems. These ICs are interconnected by electrical tracks running on Printed Circuit Boards. Due to different frequency-dependent sources of signal degradation, the performance of these electrical interconnects lags behind the IC performance. As the electrical interconnect bottleneck increasingly impacts overall system performance, the interest in optical interconnects at the inter-chip level is growing. An important question to answer is how and where such optical interconnects should be implemented. Therefore, we first discuss the weaknesses of electrical interconnects and the potential benefits of optical interconnects. From this we then consider the implications on the introduction of optical interconnects and we argue why integration is of key importance for the successful introduction of optical interconnects at this level. Finally we describe how we have implemented optical inter-chip interconnects in a demonstrator system and go into more detail on the different levels of integration in this demonstrator system