Relative Clauses and Conjunctions

Sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation through Grant GN-534 from the Office of Science Information Service to the Information Sciences Research Center, The Ohio State University

Vowel Category and Meanings of Size in Tolkien\u27s Early Lexicons

The grounds for studying phonetic symbolism (phonosemantics, etc.) in Tolkien\u27s invented languages were well established by Tolkien through comments made in letters, drafts of his works, and essays. Previous researchers (e.g., Smith, 2006; 2007; Gymnich, 2005) have discussed the aesthetic effects of Tolkien\u27s elvish languages on his audience, and have also observed connections between a range of meanings and sounds in Tolkien\u27s languages (e.g., Fimi, 2008; Rausch, 2013). However, no researchers have explored this area of study with quantitative methods. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between vowel quality and meanings of size in the Gnomish Lexicon and the Qenya Lexicon. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests indicate statistically significant associations between vowel category and meanings of size, particularly /i/ and smallness, and the back vowels /o/ and /a/ and meanings of largeness. I argue that this case study confirms the presence of phonetic symbolism in Tolkien\u27s invented languages

A complete glossary and descriptive classification of the vocabulary of Crestiien’s Guillaume d’Angleterre

The purpose of this thesis has been to investigate in detail and from several standpoints the complete vocabulary of Crestiien's Guillaume d'Angleterre. The Glossary, compiled from an exhaustive inventory of all but the commonest words, attempts to define semantically and, as far as possible, syntactically, every word occurring in the text, and to provide copious references to the contexts in which the words defined occur. The Notes to the Glossary discuss essentially problems of interpretation and definition. Some problems of textual criticism proper and etymology have inevitably been raised in these Notes, and tentative solutions advanced. It has been as much the purpose of the Motes to bring into the open unresolved difficulties as it has been to suggest solutions. The Descriptive Classification, in which all full words and most form words are arranged in their semantic categories, is intended firstly to provide an objective basis for any comparative study with the authenticated works of Chretien de Troyes. Such a comparison may consequently have a valid contribution to make to any new enquiry into Crestiien's identity. Secondly, it is intended to reflect the manners, customs and thinking of the period in which Guillaume d'Angleterre was written. Guillaume d'Angleterre a remarkable social document, is worthy of such a study. Unlike most twelfth-century romances with their almost exclusively aristocratic attitudes, this poem shows, albeit from a point of view apparently in sympathy with or respectful of aristocratic 'otherness' and privilege, a remarkable interest in, and a considerable knowledge of the social position and commercial activities of a rising burgess class treated at the time with some condescension by the aristocracy. In a word, the Descriptive Classification of the vocabulary is intended to reflect the author's 'world view’, and to show the historical importance of the literature of the times

Relative Clause Structures and Constraints on Types of Complex Sentences

Sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation through Grant GN-534.1 from the Office of Science Information Service to the Computer and Information Science Research Center, The Ohio State University

The Deep Structure of Relative Clauses

Sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation through Grant GN-534.1 from the Office of Science Information Service to the Computer and Information Science Research Center, The Ohio State University

Some Problems of Derivational Morphology

Sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation through Grant GN-534 from the Office of Science Information Service to the Information Sciences Research Center, The Ohio State University

SHOULD ASSESSMENT FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER AND MIXED AFFECTIVE STATE BE A STANDARD PART OF ASSESSMENT FOR SUICIDE RISK?

The risk of suicide is high amongst individuals with bipolar affective disorder and mixed affective state. Research has shown that the suicide risk increases during both rapid-cycling and mixed affective states in bipolar. This article reviews the recent research of patients with bipolar and mixed affective state and suicide risk and highlights the reasons and potential benefits of factoring the potential risks into the assessment for suicide risk

Upper Spokane River Model in Idaho: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup and Calibration for 2001 and 2004

As a result of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) study of the Spokane River in Washington, a hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Spokane River was developed by Portland State University (PSU) for the Corps of Engineers and the Washington Department of Ecology from the Washington-Idaho state line to the outlet of Long Lake. An earlier study of the Spokane River was undertaken by Limno-Tech (2001a, 2001b) for the domain shown in Figure 3. Limno-Tech used an earlier version of CE-QUAL-W2, Version 2, for the Reservoir portion of the Spokane River from Post Falls Dam to Coeur d’Alene Lake and a steady-state EPA model, QUAL2E, for the riverine section from Post Falls Dam to the Idaho-Washington State Line. The steady-state QUAL2E model was not adequate to deal with flow and water quality dynamics. Hence, the riverine portion of the model and the reservoir portion were both upgraded to CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1. PSU developed the CE-QUAL-W2 model, but did not have adequate data for model calibration. The set-up of this model was described in the following report: * Wells et al. (2003) - Upper Spokane River Model in Idaho: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup for 2001 Because of the necessity of looking at the entire river basin, a model using CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1 of the Idaho portion of the Spokane River model was developed to assess water quality management strategies for the Idaho side of the Spokane River. The objective of this study was to use new field data from 2001 and 2004 to improve the model calibration for the Idaho portion of the Spokane River and reevaluate the work done by Wells et al. (2003)

Refining predator-prey preference at the prey demographic level for cheetah and lion

Traditional prey preference models estimate prey preference using a coarse species-specific body mass of three-quarters of the mean adult female body mass. This is widely assumed to estimate the average mass across prey populations, accounting for neonates, juveniles, sub-adults, and adults. However, this approach negates the models’ ability to predict demography-specific prey preferences, thus reducing our ability to predict the impacts of predation on prey populations. The objectives of this study were to 1) refine the prey selection models, using lion Panthera leo and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus as model species, by incorporating prey demographic classes and season and, 2) determine the influence of seasonal variability in availability of these prey demographic classes on cheetah reproduction. Lions preferentially killed adults of larger species (e.g., wildebeest, waterbuck, and zebra) irrespective of the season, as predicted by optimal foraging theory. Sub-adult, juvenile, and neonate prey were killed by lions relative to their abundance. Cheetahs preferred juvenile prey of large species, namely kudu, zebra, and wildebeest. Season influenced cheetah preference with neonates and juveniles being preferred during the wet season and adults of smaller species, and juveniles of larger species being preferred during the dry season. Thus, results support the alternative demographic class hypothesis. Furthermore, the availability of neonate and juvenile prey drives cheetah reproduction patterns with conception and cub independence coinciding with the peak availability of easy-to-catch neonates. Lactation coincided with the high availability of relatively larger juveniles to ensure that females obtain enough resources to sustain the most energetically costly reproductive phase. In addition, I suggest cheetah may be particularly vulnerable to disturbances that impact on prey reproduction (e.g., drought, fire, and flood), given their reliance on neonate and juvenile prey. My findings highlight that estimating species-level prey preference using a coarse species-specific body mass masks the level of prey use and potential preferences for the different prey demographic classes. The use of some prey species may be largely confined to juveniles by smaller predators, meaning that prey availability would vary seasonally, may influence reproductive patterns, and carrying capacity models would need to be revised in terms of the available demographic-specific prey biomass.Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, 202

Upper Spokane River Model: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup, 1991 and 2000

The Washington Department of Ecology is interested in a water quality model for the Upper Spokane River system for use in developing Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). The goals of this modeling effort are to: • Gather data to construct a computer simulation model of the Spokane River system including Long Lake Reservoir and the pools behind Nine Mile dam, Upper Falls dam and Upriver dam • Ensure that the model accurately represents the system hydrodynamics and water quality (flow, temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrient dynamics) A hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 (Wells, 1997), is being applied to model the Spokane River system. CE-QUAL-W2 is a two dimensional (longitudinal-vertical), laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model that has been under development by the Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiments Station (Cole and Wells, 2000). In order to model the system, the following data were required: • Spokane River flow, water level and water quality data at the upstream system boundary (the State of Idaho boundary) • Tributary inflows and water quality • Meteorological conditions • Bathymetry of the Spokane River, the dam pools along the river, and Long Lake Reservoir • Point source (wastewater treatment plants, WWTPs) inflows and water quality characteristics Data have been primarily collected from 1991 to 1992 and again during 2000. This report summarizes the data used in the modeling effort