Vulnerability of coral reefs to bioerosion from land-based sources of pollution

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122 (2017): 9319–9331, doi:10.1002/2017JC013264.Ocean acidification (OA), the gradual decline in ocean pH and [ inline image] caused by rising levels of atmospheric CO2, poses a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems, depressing rates of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) production, and enhancing rates of bioerosion and dissolution. As ocean pH and [ inline image] decline globally, there is increasing emphasis on managing local stressors that can exacerbate the vulnerability of coral reefs to the effects of OA. We show that sustained, nutrient rich, lower pH submarine groundwater discharging onto nearshore coral reefs off west Maui lowers the pH of seawater and exposes corals to nitrate concentrations 50 times higher than ambient. Rates of coral calcification are substantially decreased, and rates of bioerosion are orders of magnitude higher than those observed in coral cores collected in the Pacific under equivalent low pH conditions but living in oligotrophic waters. Heavier coral nitrogen isotope (δ15N) values pinpoint not only site-specific eutrophication, but also a sewage nitrogen source enriched in 15N. Our results show that eutrophication of reef seawater by land-based sources of pollution can magnify the effects of OA through nutrient driven-bioerosion. These conditions could contribute to the collapse of coastal coral reef ecosystems sooner than current projections predict based only on ocean acidification.USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Progra

Four problems with global carbon markets: a critical review

This article offers a critique of global carbon markets and trading, with a special focus on the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. It explores problems with the use of tradable permits to address climate change revolving around four areas: homogeneity, justice, gaming, and information. Homogeneity problems arise from the non-linear nature of climate change and sensitivity of emissions, which complicate attempts to calculate carbon offsets. Justice problems involve issues of dependency and the concentration of wealth among the rich, meaning carbon trading often counteracts attempts to reduce poverty. Gaming problems include pressures to promote high-volume, least-cost projects and the consequences of emissions leakage. Information problems encompass transaction costs related to carbon trading and market participation and the comparatively weak institutional capacity of project evaluators

A grounded theory of feminist supervision: A qualitative study

The main purpose of this exploratory and descriptive study was to answer the question: what is feminist supervision in marriage and family therapy? The researcher investigated how feminist marriage and family therapy supervisors conceptualized the goals and purpose of supervision, how they constructed the supervisory relationship, and what feminist family therapy supervisors actually did in supervision. This study also assessed how therapists experienced feminist supervision and the supervision relationship. This study employed qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with eight supervisors and eight therapists and four videotapes of live supervision sessions. The researcher incorporated feedback about her interpretations from the participants as well as from a feminist interpretive team. The results of this study provide a preliminary theory of feminist supervision grounded in the participants\u27 experiences. They emphasized four themes: feminist ideas, the supervisor-therapist relationship, supervision methods, and the empowerment of the therapist. The participants identified feminist ideas related to gender, power, diversity, and emotion. Supervisors also employed several techniques to foster the supervisor-therapist relationship. Supervision methods utilized by the supervisors fell into four categories: contracting, hierarchy, collaboration, and mentorship. The use of these methods was mediated by the developmental level of the therapists and the supervisor\u27s clinical decisions. Most important, the purpose of feminist supervision was to empower the therapists by encouraging the development of competence and professional identity. The four themes are practical and applicable. The results are intended to provide a foundation upon which a richer and more complex framework of feminist supervision can be built. Suggestions for further research are provided

Vulnerability of coral reefs to bioerosion from land-based sources of pollution using parameters quantified by computerized tomography.

Dataset: Vulnerability of coral reefs to bioerosionCoral Growth Parameters Quantified by Computerized Tomography (CT) for Growth Rate (cm/yr), Density (g/cm3), and Calcification Rates (g/cm2/yr), Percent Volume Erosion (%), Measured Bioerosion Rate (mg/ cm2/ yr), Predicted Bioerosion Rate (mg/cm2/ yr) Based on DeCarlo et al (2015). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/739309NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-153733

Familiy theraphy around the world: parents’ experiences of intergenerational value transmission in Turkey’s changing society: An interpretative phenomenological study

Akyıl, Yudum (Dogus Author)Intergenerational value transmission is a systemic phenomenon that affects parent-child relationships. However, there is a dearth of information about bidirectional value transmission processes from the perspectives of the parents. Based on an eco-systemic perspective, the researcher aimed to understand the parents experience of transmission of values with their adolescent children. This process included: What they chose to transmit, how they had tried to transmit, and the ways they negotiated value differences. The researcher conducted semi-structured interviews in Istanbul, Turkey with 6 upper-middle class parents who had children between the ages of 13 and 19. Interpretative phenomenological analysis revealed 6 main themes that described parents experiences: (a) family connectedness, (b) transfer strategies, (c) transformations, (d) a changing world, (e) reflecting on parenting, and (f) process between the parents. The researcher then discusses the implications for clinicians and researchers

Seawater carbonate chemistry and bioerosion of croal reef

Ocean acidification (OA), the gradual decline in ocean pH and [CO3 ] 2- caused by rising levels of atmospheric CO2, poses a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems, depressing rates of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) production, and enhancing rates of bioerosion and dissolution. As ocean pH and [CO3] 2- decline globally, there is increasing emphasis on managing local stressors that can exacerbate the vulnerability of coral reefs to the effects of OA. We show that sustained, nutrient rich, lower pH submarine groundwater discharging onto nearshore coral reefs off west Maui lowers the pH of seawater and exposes corals to nitrate concentrations 50 times higher than ambient. Rates of coral calcification are substantially decreased, and rates of bioerosion are orders of magnitude higher than those observed in coral cores collected in the Pacific under equivalent low pH conditions but living in oligotrophic waters. Heavier coral nitrogen isotope (delta15N) values pinpoint not only site-specific eutrophication, but also a sewage nitrogen source enriched in 15N. Our results show that eutrophication of reef seawater by land-based sources of pollution can magnify the effects of OA through nutrient driven-bioerosion. These conditions could contribute to the collapse of coastal coral reef ecosystems sooner than current projections predict based only on ocean acidification

Two measures of preference during forced-choice assessments.

A forced-choice preference assessment was conducted in which two dependent measures were used to select preferred stimuli: (a) approach responding and (b) latency to the first aberrant response. Stimuli identified as preferred based on both dependent measures were then evaluated during treatment. The results suggested that latency may be a useful measure in the selection of preferred stimuli during forced-choice assessments