340 research outputs found

    Exploring Redox Biology in physiology and disease

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    Exploring Redox Biology in physiology and disease

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    Oxidatie-reductie-, of redoxreacties zijn verantwoordelijk voor de regulatie van allerhande processen die zich afspelen in het menselijk lichaam. Onder de meest gunstige omstandigheden zijn oxidatie en reductie in balans en draagt een netwerk van redox-actieve verbindingen zorg voor een snelle verwerking van signalen waardoor het lichaam adequaat kan reageren op zowel interne als omgevingsfactoren. Ook de beruchte zuurstof, stikstof en sulfur radicalen vervullen dan waardevolle signaalfuncties. Pas wanneer de balans tussen oxidatie en reductie verstoord raakt, veroorzaken deze de oxidatieve stress die een rol speelt bij het ontstaan van ziekte. Voor dit proefschrift werden verschillende elementen van het redoxnetwerk, waaronder thiolen en (metabolieten van) gasvormige signaalmoleculen waterstofsulfide (H2S) en stikstofoxide (NO), bestudeerd in mens en dier. Thiolen zijn functionele groepen bestaande uit een sulfur en een waterstof atoom en nemen een centrale plaats in bij de overdracht van signalen. H2S en NO kunnen in reactie met thiolen zowel bescherming bieden tegen schade door verregaande oxidatie, als regulerende functies uitoefenen. Zoals in dit proefschrift wordt aangetoond, is de beschikbare hoeveelheid niet geoxideerde thiolen verlaagd in het geval van ziekte. De mate waarin dit het geval is, vertoont een duidelijke samenhang met het ziektebeloop. Datzelfde geldt voor de verwerking van H2S en NO metabolieten, sulfaat en nitraat, door de nier. Dit proefschrift is dan ook een pleidooi voor erkenning van de belangrijke rol van redoxreacties in gezondheid en ziekte en roept op tot verder onderzoek om therapeutisch ingrijpen in het redox systeem in de toekomst mogelijk te maken

    Exploring the effects of glyphosate products on weed composition

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    Glyphosate is a non-selective, broad-spectrum, systematic herbicide that is the world’s most widely used herbicide since its introduction in the 1970s as a pre-plant, post-directed and post-harvest herbicide application with further technological developments leading to its use within glyphosate resistant crops (GRCs) as of the 1990s. In countries around the world, weed shifts have accompanied weed management systems employing glyphosate products. The farmer actions and weed reactions that have contributed to these weed shifts will be discussed. Evidence of glyphosate-induced weed shifts has not yet been documented in Germany, but through consideration of the conditions that have lead to glyphosate-induced weed shifts elsewhere the outlook for Germany will be assessed. An ongoing research project will be introduced in which weed monitoring is being employed to find out if glyphosate-induced weed shifts can be identified in northeastern German arable farm fields and in which field experiments are also being conducted to further explore the reactions of weed communities and populations under the intensive application of glyphosate products.Untersuchung des Einflusses von Glyphosat auf UnkrautzusammensetzungenGlyphosat ist ein nicht-selektives, breit wirksames Blattherbizid mit systemischer Wirkung, das sich, seit seiner EinfĂŒhrung als Vorsaat-, Vorauflauf und Nach-Ernte-Herbizid in den 1970er Jahren zu dem weltweit am hĂ€ufigsten eingesetzten Herbizid entwickelt hat. Weitergehende technologische Entwicklungen fĂŒhrten in den 1990er Jahren zum Einsatz in genetisch verĂ€nderten Kulturpflanzen. Anbauverfahren unter Verwendung von Glyphosat haben weltweit zu VerĂ€nderungen der Artenzusammensetzung von UnkrĂ€utern gefĂŒhrt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Managementfaktoren sowie die darauffolgenden Unkrautreaktionen diskutiert. In Deutschland sind aktuell noch keine VerĂ€nderungen der Artenzusammensetzung von UnkrĂ€utern bekannt, doch durch die Betrachtung der Faktoren, die anderswo zu verĂ€nderten Artzusammensetzungen gefĂŒhrt haben, soll ein Ausblick fĂŒr Deutschland gegeben werden. Es wird ein laufendes Forschungsprojekt vorgestellt, in dem mögliche VerĂ€nderungen der Unkrautflora durch Bonituren ermittelt werden. Innerhalb des Projektes werden außerdem Feldexperimente durchgefĂŒhrt, die die Reaktionen von Unkrautgesellschaften und Populationen auf intensiven Glyphosateinsatz eruieren

    Pyrimidine biosynthesis is not an essential function for trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms

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    <p>Background: African trypanosomes are capable of both pyrimidine biosynthesis and salvage of preformed pyrimidines from the host, but it is unknown whether either process is essential to the parasite.</p> <p>Methodology/Principal Findings: Pyrimidine requirements for growth were investigated using strictly pyrimidine-free media, with or without single added pyrimidine sources. Growth rates of wild-type bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei brucei were unchanged in pyrimidine-free medium. The essentiality of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway was studied by knocking out the PYR6-5 locus that produces a fusion product of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) and Orotidine Monophosphate Decarboxylase (OMPDCase). The pyrimidine auxotroph was dependent on a suitable extracellular pyrimidine source. Pyrimidine starvation was rapidly lethal and non-reversible, causing incomplete DNA content in new cells. The phenotype could be rescued by addition of uracil; supplementation with uridine, 2â€Čdeoxyuridine, and cytidine allowed a diminished growth rate and density. PYR6-5−/− trypanosomes were more sensitive to pyrimidine antimetabolites and displayed increased uracil transport rates and uridine phosphorylase activity. Pyrimidine auxotrophs were able to infect mice although the infection developed much more slowly than infection with the parental, prototrophic trypanosome line.</p> <p>Conclusions/Significance: Pyrimidine salvage was not an essential function for bloodstream T. b. brucei. However, trypanosomes lacking de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis are completely dependent on an extracellular pyrimidine source, strongly preferring uracil, and display reduced infectivity. As T. brucei are able to salvage sufficient pyrimidines from the host environment, the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway is not a viable drug target, although any interruption of pyrimidine supply was lethal.</p&gt

    Temporal associations between salivary cortisol and emotions in clinically depressed individuals and matched controls:A dynamic time warp analysis

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    Depression can be understood as a complex dynamic system where depressive symptoms interact with one another. Cortisol is suggested to play a major role in the pathophysiology of depression, but knowledge on the temporal interplay between cortisol and depressive symptoms is scarce. We aimed to analyze the temporal connectivity between salivary cortisol and momentary affective states in depressed individuals and controls. Thirty pair-matched depressed and non-depressed participants completed questionnaires on momentary positive (PA) and negative (NA) affect and collected saliva three times a day for 30 days. The association between cortisol and affect was analyzed by dynamic time warp (DTW) analyses. These analyses involved lag-1 backward to lag-1 forward undirected analyses and lag-0 and lag-1 forward directed analyses. Large inter- and intra-individual variability in the networks were found. At the group level, with undirected analysis PA and NA were connected in the networks in depressed individuals and in controls. Directed analyses indicated that increases in cortisol preceded specific NA items in controls, but tended to follow upon specific affect items increase in depressed individuals. To conclude, at group level, changes in cortisol levels in individuals diagnosed with a depression may be a result of changes in affect, rather than a cause.</p

    Effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization on leaf nutrient content, photosynthesis, and growth of the novel bioenergy crop <i>Fallopia sachalinensis</i> cv. ‘Igniscum Candy‘

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    The aim of the study was to determine the effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization on the growth performance of the novel bioenergy crop Fallopia sachalliensis cv. ‘Igniscum Candy’ (Polygonaceae). In a controlled pot experiment various nitrogen (0, 50, 150, 300 kg N ha-1) and phosphate (20, 40, 80 kg P ha-1) fertilizer amounts were applied to measure the effect on the biomass, height, leaf area and nitrogen and phosphate use efficiency. Furthermore, ecophysiological processes (chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange) were measured with non-destructive methods. The application of nitrogen correlated positively with biomass production, while phosphate fertilization did not show a significant effect on plant growth or ecophysiological parameters. The leaf nitrogen contents were significantly correlated with the nitrogen applications, while the leaf phosphate contents did not show a correlation with the P fertilizations, but increased with the leaf nitrogen contents. A significant linear correlation between the measured SPAD values and chlorophyll contents as well as with the leaf nitrogen contents could be determined. Under the influence of the nitrogen fertilization, net photosynthesis increased from 3.7 to 6.6 ÎŒmol m-2 s-1. The results of this experiment demonstrated that nitrogen fertilization has an overall positive correlation with leaf nutrient content, photosynthesis, and overall growth of the bioenergy crop Fallopia sachalinensis var. Igniscum Candy

    High-Level Heat Resistance of Spores of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis Results from the Presence of a spoVA Operon in a Tn1546 Transposon

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    Bacterial endospore formers can produce spores that are resistant to many food processing conditions, including heat. Some spores may survive heating processes aimed at production of commercially sterile foods. Recently, it was shown that a spoVA operon, designated spoVA(2mob), present on a Tn1546 transposon in Bacillus subtilis, leads to profoundly increased wet heat resistance of B. subtilis spores. Such Tn1546 transposon elements including the spoVA(2mob) operon were also found in several strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis, and these strains were shown to produce spores with significantly higher resistances to wet heat than their counterparts lacking this transposon. In this study, the locations and compositions of Tn1546 transposons encompassing the spoVA(2mob) operons in B. amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis were analyzed. Introduction of these spoVA(2mob) operons into B. subtilis 168 (producing spores that are not highly heat resistant) rendered mutant 168 strains that produced high-level heat resistant spores, demonstrating that these elements in B. amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis are responsible for high level heat resistance of spores. Assessment of growth of the nine strains of each species between 5.2°C and 57.7°C showed some differences between strains, especially at lower temperatures, but all strains were able to grow at 57.7°C. Strains of B. amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis that contain the Tn1546 elements (and produce high-level heat resistant spores) grew at temperatures similar to those of their Tn1546-negative counterparts that produce low-level heat resistant spores. The findings presented in this study allow for detection of B. amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis strains that produce highly heat resistant spores in the food chain

    Reaktion einer Population von Lolium multiflorum var. westerwoldicum auf wiederholten Einsatz von Glyphosat

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    Der Einsatz von Glyphosat hat weltweit zugenommen. Begleitet wurde diese Entwicklung von SensitivitĂ€tsverlusten und Resistenzentwicklungen. Eine herausragende Rolle spielen dabei Lolium-Arten. Lolium multiflorum var. westerwoldicum wurde in einem Freilandversuch in den Jahren 2014, 2015 und 2016 untersucht. In zwei Behandlungsvarianten wurde ein Glyphosat-basiertes Herbizid in zwei Aufwandmengen (50 % und 25 % der zugelassenen Aufwandmenge) eingesetzt, die so gewĂ€hlt waren, dass Pflanzen die Behandlung ĂŒberleben sollten. Die Samenbildung der ĂŒberlebenden Population im Freiland wurde bestimmt. Ein Teil der Samen wurde im jeweils nĂ€chsten Jahr wieder im Freiland ausgesĂ€t. FĂŒr einen anderen Teil der Samen wurde die Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung ermittelt: Nach drei Jahren wurden alle Generationen (Eltern (=F0), F1, F2, F3) in einem Biotest vergleichend untersucht. Im Feldversuch fand eine erfolgreiche Reproduktion von L. multiflorum nach Glyphosateinsatz statt. Die wieder ausgesĂ€ten Generationen wiesen geringere Etablierungsraten in den folgenden Jahren auf. Im Biotest deuteten sich abnehmende SensitivitĂ€ten (ED50, ED90 ) der Folgegenerationen gegenĂŒber Glyphosat an

    Reaction of a population of Lolium multiflorum var. westerwoldicum to repeated use of glyphosate

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    Der Einsatz von Glyphosat hat weltweit zugenommen. Begleitet wurde diese Entwicklung von SensitivitĂ€tsverlusten und Resistenzentwicklungen. Eine herausragende Rolle spielen dabei Lolium-Arten. Lolium multiflorum var. westerwoldicum wurde in einem Freilandversuch in den Jahren 2014, 2015 und 2016 untersucht. In zwei Behandlungsvarianten wurde ein Glyphosat-basiertes Herbizid in zwei Aufwandmengen (50 % und 25 % der zugelassenen Aufwandmenge) eingesetzt, die so gewĂ€hlt waren, dass Pflanzen die Behandlung ĂŒberleben sollten. Die Samenbildung der ĂŒberlebenden Population im Freiland wurde bestimmt. Ein Teil der Samen wurde im jeweils nĂ€chsten Jahr wieder im Freiland ausgesĂ€t. FĂŒr einen anderen Teil der Samen wurde die Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung ermittelt: Nach drei Jahren wurden alle Generationen (Eltern (=F0), F1, F2, F3) in einem Biotest vergleichend untersucht.Im Feldversuch fand eine erfolgreiche Reproduktion von L. multiflorum nach Glyphosateinsatz statt. Die wieder ausgesĂ€ten Generationen wiesen geringere Etablierungsraten in den folgenden Jahren auf. Im Biotest deuteten sich abnehmende SensitivitĂ€ten (ED50, ED90 ) der Folgegenerationen gegenĂŒber Glyphosat an.The use of glyphosate increased globally, this development is accompanied with losses in sensitivity and upcoming resistance and Lolium species have a pronounced role in this development. Lolium multiflorum var. westerwoldicum was sown in a field experiment in 2014, 2015 and 2016. A glyphosate-based herbicide was applied at two dosages (50%, 25% of the registered dose rate). The two treatments were selected to allow for a certain plant survival. The seed production of the surviving population was assessed in the field. Parts of the seeds were again sown in the field in the following year. Other parts of the seeds were used in a dose-response bioassay: Paternal and filial generations (parents (=F0), F1, F2, F3) were tested in a bioassay after three years. L. multiflorum successfully reproduced under the treatments of the field experiment. The re-sown seeds of the filial generations established in the field at lower rates. The bioassays indicated a tendency for decreasing glyphosate sensitivities (ED50, ED90 ) in the filial generations
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