Cooling Fractures in Lavas: Mechanisms and Environments of Formation

The focus of this study is cooling fractures in lavas that are associated with environments containing ice, snow or liquid water. Two main fracture types feature in this study: columnar jointing and pseudopillow fractures. This thesis addresses how and why these fractures form in particular environments. Columnar jointing in rhyolite lava is particularly common in subglacial environments and rare in subaerial or purely subaqueous environments. Five subglacial rhyolites are studied with the presentation of the first set of measurements from subglaical rhyolite columns, showing considerably smaller column sizes and striae widths than in basalts. Some simple modelling was undertaken in order to explain these differences. Pseudopillow fractures consist of a large, metre-scale, master fracture with many smaller, centimetre-scale, subsidiary fractures perpendicular to the master fracture. They are found in lava compositions from basalt to rhyolite. All documented occurrences are in lavas that have been inferred to have interacted with liquid water, ice or snow. The term pseudopillow fracture system is proposed to describe the consistent package of two different fracture types occurring together. Pseudopillow fracture systems were studied in two different trachyandesite lava flows. Three different master fracture types were identified on the basis of fracture surface textures displaying either chisel marks, cavitation dimples, or river lines and rough/smooth textures. Two types of subsidiary fractures were identified on the basis of their morphology: polygonal and planar subparallel. The fractures in entablature, a formation common in basalt lava flows that have been inundated with water, were studied. Entablature was found to contain pseudopillow fracture systems and columnar jointing, which interact to form chevron fracture patterns. Master fractures form by ductile fracture of evolved residual melt, and show evidence of rapid cooling, related to coolant ingress. Two end members were identified: cube-jointing and column-bearing entablature, resulting from faster cooling in cube-jointed entablature

How Reading Recovery Teaches the Five Essential Elements of Reading Instruction and More

In 1997 Congress called for the director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), in consultation with the Secretary of Education, to convene a national panel to assess the status of research-based knowledge, including the effectiveness of various approaches to teaching children to read (NICHD, 2000a, p. 1). The resulting 14- member National Reading Panel (NRP or Panel) included reading researchers, representatives of colleges of education, educational administrators, a classroom teacher, a parent, and a medical doctor (Yatvin, 2002). The work completed by the NRP involved identification and meta-analyses of the experimental and quasi-experimental research literature pertaining to selected topics of beginning reading instruction. Their goal was to glean implications for beginning reading instruction based on scientific evidence

Predictors of responsivity to language intervention : findings from a RCT

Logistic regression analyses were carried out on the pre- and blind-assessed post-intervention language outcome measures for 124 children aged 6-11 years with primary language impairment randomised to language therapy who received three 30-40 minute sessions per week in mainstream schools over fifteen weeks. Only the model for binary gains (made progress/did not make progess) for receptive language was significant, with gender and case status (specific expressive versus mixed receptive-expressive impairment) significant predictors. Non-verbal IQ score was not a significant predictor of responsivity to intervention. Implications for the relationship between non-verbal development and primary language impairment and for intervention are discussed

PPAR Gamma Receptor: A Novel Target to Improve Morbidity in Preterm Babies

Worldwide, three-quarters of a million babies are born extremely preterm (&lt;28 weeks gestation) with devastating outcomes: 20% die in the newborn period, a further 35% develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and 10% suffer from cerebral palsy. Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) agonist, may reduce the incidence of BPD and improve neurodevelopment in extreme preterm babies. Pioglitazone exerts an anti-inflammatory action mediated through Nuclear Factor-kappa B repression. PPARγ signalling is underactive in preterm babies as adiponectin remains low during the neonatal period. In newborn animal models, pioglitazone has been shown to be protective against BPD, necrotising enterocolitis, and lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of PPARγ are associated with inhibited preterm brain development and impaired neurodevelopment. Pioglitazone was well tolerated by the foetus in reproductive toxicology experiments. Bladder cancer, bone fractures, and macular oedema, seen rarely in adults, may be avoided with a short treatment course. The other effects of pioglitazone, including improved glycaemic control and lipid metabolism, may provide added benefit in the context of prematurity. Currently, there is no formulation of pioglitazone suitable for administration to preterm babies. A liquid formulation of pioglitazone needs to be developed before clinical trials. The potential benefits are likely to outweigh any anticipated safety concerns.</p

Disorganized Attachment and Mother-Toddler Interactive Behavior in a Problem-Solving Task

PURPOSE: To examine emotional and behavioral regulation and Disorganized attachment at 24-months in a high-risk sample of adolescent mother-toddler dyads. RESULTS: Disorganization was associated with 1)increased toddler negativity and a lower quality of experience and 2)decreased levels of maternal support and assistance during the problem-solving tasks. CONCLUSION: These findings offer converging support for the suggestion that Disorganized dyads experience marked difficulties in emotional and behavioral regulation