Common Proteomic Technologies, Applications, and their Limitations

Proteomics refers to the analysis of expression, localization, functions, posttranslational modifications, and interactions of proteins expressed by a genome at a specific condition and at a specific time. Current proteomic tools allow large-scale, high-throughput analyses for the detection, identification, and functional investigation of proteome. In this review, we have focused on the proteomics methods: gel-based and gel-free techniques and discussed their applications and challenges in the field of proteomics.

Ethical Challenges in Advanced Medicine

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Medical ethics is an interdisciplinary science about matters and ethical issues in the field of medical. In the twentieth century, scientific advances earn more success in the field of medicine. This development creates problems and questions that profound changes in medical ethics are required to answers them. Today, discussions of important issues in biotechnology field have attracted the attention of moral philosophers. The issues that the modern medical ethics try to resolve them are included professional Communications in medicine, law and the role of the patient in treatment, organs and tissues transplantation, euthanasia, Abortion, Simulation and new methods of contraception and   Pregnancy induction . In this article, we tried to discuss about these important issues.Keywords: Medical ethics; Euthanasia; Abortion; Organ transplantationFor downloading the full-text of this article please click here.

Editorial: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: considerations and therapeutic applications

Editorial on the research topic: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: considerations and therapeutic applications.</p

Editorial: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: considerations and therapeutic applications

Editorial on the research topic: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: considerations and therapeutic applications.</p

Cardenolide-rich fraction of Pergularia tomentosa as a novel Antiangiogenic agent mainly targeting endothelial cell migration

Purpose Angiogenesis related abnormalities underlie several life-threatening disorders. Despite approved therapies, scientists have yet to develop highly efficient, low cost approaches with minimal side effects.Methods We evaluated the antiangiogenic activity of 50% hydroalcoholic extracts of Pergularia tomentosa L. root and aerial parts along with their EtOAc and water fractions, in vivo and in vitro. Transgenic zebrafish line Tg(fli1:EGFP) was used for in vivo assay and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration test along with possibility of tube formation were performed as in vitro tests. Furthermore, microvasculature in chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was assessed under P. tomentosa treatment. The fractionation of the 50% hydroalcoholic extracts was led to the identification of the best active fraction in this study. The metabolite profiling of the active fraction was also carried out using LC-HRESIMS analysis.Results Pergularia tomentosa markedly inhibited intersegmental vessel (ISV) formation at 48 h post-fertilization (hpf) embryos in zebrafish. The water fraction of root hydroalcoholic extract (PtR2), showed strong antiangiogenic effect with minimal adverse viability impacts. Over 80% of embryos showed more than 50% inhibition in their ISV development at 20 and 40 mu g/mL. PtR2 at 20 mu g/mL substantially reduced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration up to 40%, considerable destruction of the formed tubes in the tube formation and microvasculature in CAM assays. Immunocytochemistry showed a marked reduction in vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) abundance at cell junctions concurrent with substantial reduction of phospho-Akt (p-Akt) and beta-catenin protein expressions. Phytochemical profile of PtR2 showed a rich source of cardenolide structures, including ghalakinoside, calactin and calotropin derivatives.Conclusion Thus, the P. tomentosa cardenolide-rich fraction (PtR2) may hold a considerable promise for an antiangiogenic impact by impairment of endothelial cell (EC) migration and viability

Recent Advances of Functional Proteomics in Gastrointestinal Cancers- a Path towards the Identification of Candidate Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Molecular Biomarkers

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer remains one of the common causes of morbidity and mortality. A high number of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, leading to a poor survival rate. This is primarily attributed to the lack of reliable diagnostic biomarkers and limited treatment options. Therefore, more sensitive, specific biomarkers and curative treatments are desirable. Functional proteomics as a research area in the proteomic field aims to elucidate the biological function of unknown proteins and unravel the cellular mechanisms at the molecular level. Phosphoproteomic and glycoproteomic studies have emerged as two efficient functional proteomics approaches used to identify diagnostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, the molecular basis of disease and mechanisms underlying drug resistance in GI cancers. In this review, we present an overview on how functional proteomics may contribute to the understanding of GI cancers, namely colorectal, gastric, hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancers. Moreover, we have summarized recent methodological developments in phosphoproteomics and glycoproteomics for GI cancer studies

Y Chromosome Missing Protein, TBL1Y, May Play an Important Role in Cardiac Differentiation

Despite evidence for sex-specific cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, the biological basis for this dimorphism remains to be explored. Apart from hormonal factors, gender-related characteristics may reside in the function of sex chromosomes during cardiac development. In this study, we investigated the differential expression of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) genes and their X counterparts during cardiac differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). We observed alterations in mRNA and protein levels of <i>TBL1Y</i>, <i>PCDH11Y</i>, <i>ZFY</i>, <i>KDM5D</i>, <i>USP9Y</i>, <i>RPS4Y1</i>, <i>DDX3Y</i>, <i>PRY</i>, <i>XKRY</i>, <i>BCORP1</i>, <i>RBMY</i>, <i>HSFY</i>, and <i>UTY</i>, which accompanied changes in intracellular localization. Of them, the abundance of a Y chromosome missing protein, TBL1Y, showed a significant increase during differentiation while the expression level of its X counterpart decreased. Consistently, reducing TBL1Y cellular level using siRNA approach influenced cardiac differentiation by reducing its efficacy as well as increasing the probability of impaired contractions. TBL1Y knockdown may have negatively impacted cardiogenesis by CtBP stabilization. Furthermore, we presented compelling experimental evidence to distinguish TBL1Y from TBL1X, its highly similar X chromosome homologue, and proposed reclassification of TBL1Y as “found missing protein” (PE1). Our results demonstrated that MSY proteins may play an important role in cardiac development

Y Chromosome Missing Protein, TBL1Y, May Play an Important Role in Cardiac Differentiation

Despite evidence for sex-specific cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, the biological basis for this dimorphism remains to be explored. Apart from hormonal factors, gender-related characteristics may reside in the function of sex chromosomes during cardiac development. In this study, we investigated the differential expression of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) genes and their X counterparts during cardiac differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). We observed alterations in mRNA and protein levels of <i>TBL1Y</i>, <i>PCDH11Y</i>, <i>ZFY</i>, <i>KDM5D</i>, <i>USP9Y</i>, <i>RPS4Y1</i>, <i>DDX3Y</i>, <i>PRY</i>, <i>XKRY</i>, <i>BCORP1</i>, <i>RBMY</i>, <i>HSFY</i>, and <i>UTY</i>, which accompanied changes in intracellular localization. Of them, the abundance of a Y chromosome missing protein, TBL1Y, showed a significant increase during differentiation while the expression level of its X counterpart decreased. Consistently, reducing TBL1Y cellular level using siRNA approach influenced cardiac differentiation by reducing its efficacy as well as increasing the probability of impaired contractions. TBL1Y knockdown may have negatively impacted cardiogenesis by CtBP stabilization. Furthermore, we presented compelling experimental evidence to distinguish TBL1Y from TBL1X, its highly similar X chromosome homologue, and proposed reclassification of TBL1Y as “found missing protein” (PE1). Our results demonstrated that MSY proteins may play an important role in cardiac development