Языковое взаимодействие в речевых практиках шорско-русских билингвов Южной Сибири

The authors aim at presenting the results of their analysis of deviations from the speech norm (DSN) at the phonetic, morphological-syntactic and lexical levels in the speech of bilinguals in one special case of ethno-linguistic contacting, i.e. Shor-Russian bilingualism. The conclusions are based on the data of field recordings of bilingual speech and result from a newly developed annotation system (error annotation) in the Russian Speech Corpus of Russian-Turkic bilinguals in Southern Siberia. The authors find and characterise intralingual (interaction of the national language forms, written and oral communication modes) and cross-language (influence of the native Turkic languages) sources of influences on the Russian speech of bilinguals. The article substantiates the use of the norms of Russian literary writing as a speech standard, methods of analysis and literature (including theoretical works), the analysis of which makes it possible to conclude about the nature of the influences generating DSN. The regularity of the Shor-Russian interfering phenomena is noted in the speech of speakers of all the three age categories under consideration, while dialectal influences are recorded in the communication of respondents over 65 years of age. The study comprises a sociolinguistic analysis of the linguistic situation, a sociolinguistic and linguistic (focusing on the presentation of bilingual language experience) portrayal of bilinguals whose texts are analysed using standard and adapted questionnaires, consistently applied. The conclusion about a DSN type is made using the data on the norms of the Russian literary language, on variants of their implementation in written and oral spontaneous communication, on the peculiarity of the norms of territorial and social variants of the Russian language in the places of residence of the respondents and using the data on regular structures of the Shor language.Цель авторов статьи — представить результаты анализа отклонений от речевого стандарта (ОРС) на фонетическом, морфолого-синтаксическом и лексическом уровнях в коммуникативных практиках билингвов на примере одного из вариантов этноязыкового контактирования — шорско-русского билингвизма. Выводы базируются на данных полевых записей речи билингвов и являются результатом разработки системы аннотирования (error annotation) в Корпусе русской речи тюркско-русских билингвов Южной Сибири. Характеризуются внутриязыковые (взаимодействие форм национального языка, письменного и устного модусов коммуникации) и межъязыковые (интерферентное воздействие материнских тюркских языков) источники влияний на русскую речь билингва. В статье обосновывается использование в качестве речевого стандарта норм русской литературной письменной речи, а также источников (в том числе теоретических), на основе анализа которых делается заключение о характере влияний, порождающих ОРС. Отмечается регулярность шорско-русских интерферентных явлений в речи представителей всех трех возрастных категорий, диалектных влияний — в коммуникации респондентов старше 65 лет. При исследовании были последовательно применены социолингвистический анализ языковой ситуации, социолингвистическое и языковое (ориентированное на представление языкового опыта билингвов) портретирование билингвов, тексты которых анализируются, проведенное на основе стандартных и адаптированных анкет. Заключение о типе ОРС делалось на основе данных о нормах русского литературного языка, о вариантах их реализации в письменной и устной спонтанной коммуникации, о своеобразии норм территориальных и социальных вариантов русского языка в местах проживания респондентов, о системных особенностях шорского языка

Proto-Samoyedic and Proto-Manchu-Tungusic dwelling names : an attempt at semantic reconstruction

Tungus-Manchu and Samoyed peoples inhabit adjacent territories and live in a similar environment since antiquity. Both of these language families also underwent divergence at roughly the same time. It is interesting to see which dwelling names can be reconstructed for the different proto-language states of these families, and with which ethnographically or archaeologically attested dwelling types these words can be correlated

New trends in European studies on the Altaic problem

Dybo Anna. New trends in European studies on the Altaic problem [Электронный ресурс] / Anna Dybo// Вестник РГГУ. Серия "Филология. Вопросы языкового родства". - 2016. - № 2 (14). - С. 71-106

New trends in European studies on the Altaic problem

Dybo Anna. New trends in European studies on the Altaic problem [Электронный ресурс] / Anna Dybo// Вестник РГГУ. Серия "Филология. Вопросы языкового родства". - 2016. - № 2 (14). - С. 71-106

Deep Phylogenetic Analysis of Haplogroup G1 Provides Estimates of SNP and STR Mutation Rates on the Human Y-Chromosome and Reveals Migrations of Iranic Speakers

<div><p>Y-chromosomal haplogroup G1 is a minor component of the overall gene pool of South-West and Central Asia but reaches up to 80% frequency in some populations scattered within this area. We have genotyped the G1-defining marker M285 in 27 Eurasian populations (n= 5,346), analyzed 367 M285-positive samples using 17 Y-STRs, and sequenced ~11 Mb of the Y-chromosome in 20 of these samples to an average coverage of 67X. This allowed detailed phylogenetic reconstruction. We identified five branches, all with high geographical specificity: G1-L1323 in Kazakhs, the closely related G1-GG1 in Mongols, G1-GG265 in Armenians and its distant brother clade G1-GG162 in Bashkirs, and G1-GG362 in West Indians. The haplotype diversity, which decreased from West Iran to Central Asia, allows us to hypothesize that this rare haplogroup could have been carried by the expansion of Iranic speakers northwards to the Eurasian steppe and via founder effects became a predominant genetic component of some populations, including the Argyn tribe of the Kazakhs. The remarkable agreement between genetic and genealogical trees of Argyns allowed us to calibrate the molecular clock using a historical date (1405 AD) of the most recent common genealogical ancestor. The mutation rate for Y-chromosomal sequence data obtained was 0.78×10^-9 per bp per year, falling within the range of published rates. The mutation rate for Y-chromosomal STRs was 0.0022 per locus per generation, very close to the so-called genealogical rate. The “clan-based” approach to estimating the mutation rate provides a third, middle way between direct farther-to-son comparisons and using archeologically known migrations, whose dates are subject to revision and of uncertain relationship to genetic events.</p></div

Haplotype diversity of haplogroup G1-M285 in South-Western and Central Asian populations.

<p>N—number of G1 samples genotyped by 17 Y-STRs;</p><p>N_HT—number of different Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes;</p><p>F_MAX—frequency of the most frequent haplotype;</p><p>HD—haplotype diversity; the populations were sorted according to the level of HD.</p><p>Haplotype diversity of haplogroup G1-M285 in South-Western and Central Asian populations.</p

Network of Y-STR haplotypes within haplogroup G1.

<p>Arrows mark samples chosen for Y-chromosomal sequencing.</p

Y-chromosome haplogroup G1 phylogeny.

<p>The tree combines the high-coverage dataset reported in this study with data from 1000 Genomes Project. Dotted lines indicate the approximate phylogenetic position of two previously reported G1 branches which were absent among our samples.</p