Development of a decreased calorie cake mix containing ascorbyl palmitate and fructose

An experimental yellow cake mix was formulated which was used to determine the effects of ascorbyl palmitate (0.00, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.00% FWB) as a shortening-sparing agent and fructose as a replacement for sucrose at 0, 25, 50, and 75% of the total sugar on the quality of the baked cake. The FWB was the original flour weight in the cake mix prior to cellulose substitution. All possible combinations of ascorbyl palmitate (AP) levels and fructose levels were tested, and each combina-tion was a treatment. The resulting 16 treatments and a control yellow cake were replicated twice. The cake mix contained 25% cellulose substituted for flour, 66.67% (FWB) total sugar, 7% (FWB) double action baking powder, 5% (FWB) shortening, 1% (FWB) distilled monoglycerides, 0.5% (FWB) lecithin, and 0.06% (FWB) beta-carotene. All cakes were analyzed for volume, weight, height, diameter, crumb color, hardness at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days storage, moisture, and lipid content and subjectively evaluated for softness, tenderness, moistness, flavor, cell size uniformity, cell size and wall thickness, grain, and color. In addition, cake batter specific volume and viscosity, AP recovery from the experi-mental cakes, and chemical composition of one rep of cakes were deter-mined. Substitution of fructose for sucrose resulted in decreased cake tenderness and volume and increased cake weight. Cakes containing 66.67% (FWB) sugar were judged between slightly sweet and moderately sweet except for cakes containing 50% fructose in the total sugar which were judged just above moderately sweet. Addition of AP generally produced a lighter cake with less moisture, a silkier grain, and more uniform cell size. AP also increased cake tenderness and decreased cake hardness. Addition of AP at or above 0.67% (FWB) in cake batters containing fructose also resulted in more panelists scoring cake texture as gummy. Fructose level at 75% of the total sugar resulted in more panelists detecting a gummy texture and an off-flavor in the cake. AP recovery ranged from approximately 15% in cakes made from batter containing 0.33% (FWB) AP to approximately 40% in cakes made from batters containing 1% AP (FWB). The experimental cake was much heavier and softer (determined by shear), had larger, less uniform cells in the crumb, and a less silky grain than did the control. Compared with the control cake, the experimental cake had more moisture (41.1 versus 26.9%) and less fat (6.1 versus 14.1% on a dry matter basis). The experimental cake with the sweetest flavor and best quality was made from batter which contained 50% fructose in the total sugar and 0.33% AP (FWB). The experimental cake had 229 calories/100 g com-pared to 344 calories/100 g for the control cakes which represented a 33.4% calorie reduction. Cost estimates showed that the cost of the experimental cake at the time the study was performed was 1.5 times as much as the cost of the control cake

CSCE - an analysis of its origin, evolution and contemporary role

The collapse of East European communism and the subsequent collapse of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, challenged the status quo in Europe. Ideas of a "New World" order, and of a "New European Architecture" proliferated. Immediate calls from the new States of Czechoslovakia and Hungary as well as the Soviet successor States were for the CSCE, (The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) to be the foundation structure on which to build a new pan-European security community. The purpose of this thesis is chart the origins and evolution of the CSCE, and its contemporary role in the undivided Europe. Chapter One initially looks at the post war condition in Europe and then the steps leading to the agreement to hold multilateral preparatory talks, which would seek to reduce tensions and enhance security in Europe. Chapter Two addresses the subsequent talks which ran for almost two years, from August 1973 until the Helsinki Final Act was signed in August 1975. Chapter Three charts the Follow up Mechanism of the Conference, this was the means by which the process was to survive to play its extended role in contemporary Europe. Chapters Four and Five address the Paris Meeting of Heads of State, and Governments in November 1990, and the Helsinki Follow up Meeting of 1992. Dealing with post Berlin Wall issues, including the formal ending of the Cold War, and setting in place the means to revitalize and institutionalize the CSCE. Chapter Six deals with the Third Council of Ministers Meeting of the CSCE at Stockholm, outlining how this newly created decision making body of the CSCE moves forward the decision making process. The final chapter, addresses the contemporary role of CSCE, its place vis-a-vis other European security organizations, and the position of CSCE in the immediate future

Effect of Propagation Container Design on Root Configuration and Subsequent Growth of Plants Grown from Seed

This study is concerned with the development of an optimal root system through the use of modifications to the propagation container. The primary objective is to determine if specific modifications increase the number of lateral roots developed in plants grown from seed. Some special problems encountered during the study included rodent damage to one tree species which limited the data for that part of the study.Horticultur

Pathology of the superior colliculus in chronic traumatic encephalopathy

PURPOSE: To investigate neuropathological changes in the superior colliculus in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. METHODS: The densities of the tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, dot-like grains, astrocytic tangles, and neuritic plaques, together with abnormally enlarged neurons, typical neurons, vacuolation, and frequency of contacts with blood vessels, were studied across the superior colliculus from pia mater to the periaqueductal gray in eight chronic traumatic encephalopathy and six control cases. RESULTS: Tau-immunoreactive pathology was absent in the superior colliculus of controls but present in varying degrees in all chronic traumatic encephalopathy cases, significant densities of tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary tangles, NT, or dot-like grains being present in three cases. No significant differences in overall density of the tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, dot-like grains, enlarged neurons, vacuoles, or contacts with blood vessels were observed in control and chronic traumatic encephalopathy cases, but chronic traumatic encephalopathy cases had significantly lower mean densities of neurons. The distribution of surviving neurons across the superior colliculus suggested greater neuronal loss in intermediate and lower laminae in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Changes in density of the tau-immunoreactive pathology across the laminae were variable, but in six chronic traumatic encephalopathy cases, densities of tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, or dot-like grains were significantly greater in intermediate and lower laminae. Pathological changes were not correlated with the distribution of blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest significant pathology affecting the superior colliculus in a proportion of chronic traumatic encephalopathy cases with a laminar distribution which could compromise motor function rather than sensory analysis

Military-related traumatic brain injury and neurodegeneration *

Abstract Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) includes concussion, subconcussion, and most exposures to explosive blast from improvised explosive devices. mTBI is the most common traumatic brain injury affecting military personnel; however, it is the most difficult to diagnose and the least well understood. It is also recognized that some mTBIs have persistent, and sometimes progressive, long-term debilitating effects. Increasing evidence suggests that a single traumatic brain injury can produce long-term gray and white matter atrophy, precipitate or accelerate age-related neurodegeneration, and increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and motor neuron disease. In addition, repetitive mTBIs can provoke the development of a tauopathy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy. We found early changes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in four young veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflict who were exposed to explosive blast and in another young veteran who was repetitively concussed. Four of the five veterans with early-stage chronic traumatic encephalopathy were also diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. Advanced chronic traumatic encephalopathy has been found in veterans who experienced repetitive neurotrauma while in service and in others who were accomplished athletes. Clinically, chronic traumatic encephalopathy is associated with behavioral changes, executive dysfunction, memory loss, and cognitive impairments that begin insidiously and progress slowly over decades. Pathologically, chronic traumatic encephalopathy produces atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes, thalamus, and hypothalamus; septal abnormalities; and abnormal deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau as neurofibrillary tangles and disordered neurites throughout the brain. The incidence and prevalence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and the genetic risk factors critical to its development are currently unknown. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy has clinical and pathological features that overlap with postconcussion syndrome and posttraumatic stress disorder, suggesting that the three disorders might share some biological underpinnings

Self-employment as a means to women\u27s economic self-sufficiency: Women Venture\u27s business development program

While the feminization of poverty has been widely recognized as a global phenomenon in recent years, the term originated in the United States where the number of women and women-headed households living in poverty is growing. This is especially true in the inner cities where fewer unskilled jobs remain; likewise, in rural communities, many factories have closed, family farming is declining, and few other nonfarm options are available. Today these American women face many of the same obstacles that limit women\u27s economic participation in all parts of the world. This issue of SEEDS focuses on the evolution of WomenVenture\u27s business development program—a model that has provided a way of helping women start businesses and become self-sufficient without incurring overwhelming risks. WomenVenture serves as an example of interest to other organizations seeking to help women become self-employed

Pathologic Thr 175 tau phosphorylation in CTE and CTE with ALS

Objective To investigate whether chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and CTE with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (CTE-ALS) exhibit features previously observed in other tauopathies of pathologic phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau at Thr 175 (pThr 175 tau) and Thr 231 (pThr 231 tau), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) activation, and whether these pathologic features are a consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Tau isoform expression was assayed by western blot in 6 stage III CTE cases. We also used immunohistochemistry to analyze 5 cases each of CTE, CTE-ALS, and 5 controls for expression of activated GSK3β, pThr 175 tau, pThr 231 tau, and oligomerized tau within spinal cord tissue and hippocampus. Using a rat model of moderate TBI, we assessed tau pathology and phospho-GSK3β expression at 3 months postinjury. Results CTE and CTE-ALS are characterized by the presence of all 6 tau isoforms in both soluble and insoluble tau isolates. Activated GSK3β, pThr 175 tau, pThr 231 tau, and oligomerized tau protein expression was observed in hippocampal neurons and spinal motor neurons. We observed tau neuronal pathology (fibrillar inclusions and axonal damage) and increased levels of pThr 175 tau and activated GSK3β in moderate TBI rats. Conclusions Pathologic phosphorylation of tau at Thr 175 and Thr 231 and activation of GSK3β are features of the tauopathy of CTE and CTE-ALS. These features can be replicated in an animal model of moderate TBI

Cortical degeneration in chronic traumatic encephalopathy and Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change

Objectives An observational study to compare the laminar distributions in frontal and temporal cortex of the tau-immunoreactive pathologies in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologic change (ADNC). Patients Post-mortem material of (1) four cases of CTE without ADNC, (2) seven cases of CTE with ADNC (CTE/ADNC), and (3) seven cases of ADNC alone. Results In CTE and CTE/ADNC, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), neuropil threads (NT), and dot-like grains (DLG) were distributed either in upper cortex or across all layers. Low densities of astrocytic tangles (AT) and abnormally enlarged neurons (EN) were not localized to any specific layer. Surviving neurons exhibited peaks of density in both upper and lower cortex, and vacuole density was greatest in superficial layers. In ADNC, neuritic plaques (NP) were more frequent, AT rare, NFT and NT were more widely distributed, NT affected lower layers more frequently, and surviving neurons were less frequently bimodal than in CTE and CTE/ADNC. Conclusion Tau pathology in CTE and CTE/ADNC consistently affected the upper cortex but was more widely distributed in ADNC. The presence of CTE may encourage the development of ADNC pathology later in the course of the disease

The Vehicle, 1969, Vol. 11 no. 1

Vol. 11, No. 1 Table of Contents PhotoJeff Nelsonpage 4 The Dancing BodLukepage 5 The Hide-OutEleanor Aikenpage 6 DrawingLawrence Unfriedpage 7 Rain-Drunk Midnight ManiaThomas W. Reapage 9 What I\u27m Supposed To Say About WarMichael G. McKeepage 10 Sinking LashesThomas W. Reapage 10 CandleThomas W. Reapage 10 Nervous ChaperoneThomas W. Reapage 10 Formless Beauty Left To DryThomas W. Reapage 10 MasqueradeThomas W. Reapage 10 Mad JohnJames Jonespage 11 Black RacistJames Jonespage 12 HandsLawrence Unfriedpage 13 The Real Jonathan T. WillwickCharles Whitepage 14 A Cold Afternoon In JanuaryCharles Whitepage 16 Crumpled PaperLawrence Unfriedpage 16 ImpressionMichael G. McKeepage 18 The HunterMary Ann Spidelpage 19 PhotoJeff NelsonCaptionMichael G. McKeepage 20https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1019/thumbnail.jp