Südamerakkude sünnijärgse arengu bioenergeetilised aspektid: struktuuri ja funktsiooni vaheliste seoste väljakujunemine

Taust ja eesmärk. Täiskasvanud südamerakkude bioenergeetikas on valdavaks ATP genereerimisemehhanismiks mitokondriaalne oksüdatiivne fosforüülimine, mis katab tavatingimustel üle 90% südame energeetilisest vajadusest. Mitokondrid paiknevad kardiomüotsüütides korrapäraselt müofibrillide vahel, asetudes kohakuti libisevate filamentide kontaktalaga (sarkomeeri anisotroopne (A) vööt). Aktomüosiinisüsteem, mitokondrid, sarkoplasmaatiline võrgustik ja nendega seotud tsütoskeleti valgud moodustavad rakus ühtse struktuurse ja funktsionaalse terviku, nn energeetilise üksuse (EÜ), mis reguleerib efektiivselt energia tootmist ja fosforüülrühma ülekannet. Vahetult pärast sündi on mitokondrite paigutus ebakorrapärane, täiskasvanud kardiomüotsüüdiga võrreldes on oluliselt erinev ka südamerakkude metabolism ning energiaülekande regulatsioon. Töö eesmärgiks oli uurida südame mitokondriaalse hingamise regulatsiooni mehhanismide väljakujunemist südame sünnijargses arengus ning selle seotust mitokondrite ja tubuliini isovormide rakusisese paigutusega. Töö tulemused võimaldavad selgitada südamerakkude teatud patoloogiliste seisundite etioloogiat. Metoodika. Kardiomüotsüüdid isoleeriti, perfuseerides katseloomade (Wistari liini rotid) südant kollagenaas A lahusega. Skineeritud kiudude eraldamiseks kasutati meetodit, mille käigus lihaskiud eraldatakse õrnalt pintsettidega ja töödeldakse seejärel saponiiniga. Permeabiliseeritud kardiomüotsüütide ja skineeritud kiudude hapnikutarbimine registreeriti suure lahutusvõimega oksügraafil. Preparaatide visualiseerimiseks kasutati konfokaalmikroskoope Zeiss LSM 510 ja Olympus FluoView FV10i-W. Tulemused. Katseloomade sünni järel toimuvad esimese pooleteise kuu jooksul südamerakuenergiaülekande regulatsioonis kiired muutused: mitokondrite paigutus muutub korrapäraseks, toimub tsütoskeleti funktsionaalselt oluliste komponentide paigutumine mitokondrite lähedusse ja sellega samal ajal kasvavad oluliselt difusioonitakistused adenosiindifosfaadile (Km(ADP) väärtus suureneb 75,0 ・} 4,5 μM 3 päeva vanuste rottide kardiomüotsüütides kuni 317 ・} 29,5 μM vorreldes 84päevaste katseloomadega) ning käivitub kreatiinkinaasi-fosfokreatiini ülekandevõrgustik mitokondrite ja tsütosoolsete ATPaaside vahel. Järeldused. Katseloomade sünnijargse arengu käigus toimuvad dünaamilised muutusedkardiomüotsüütide struktuuris, millega kaasnevad muutused nende funktsioonis. Funktsionaalsete vastasmõjude tekkimine mitokondrite ja tsütoskeleti komponentide vahel on eelduseks täiskasvanud südamerakule omase energiametabolismi väljakujunemiseks. Eesti Arst 2013; 92(7):372–38

Südamelihase rakkude struktuuri olulisus rakuhingamise regulatsioonis

Viimastel aastatel on järjest selgemaks saanud seos raku energeetilise ainevahetuse ja südamehaiguste vahel, mistõttu on oluline uurida seda mõjutavaid tegureid. Töös uuriti südamelihase rakkude mitokondriaalse hingamise regulatsiooni väga erineva rakustruktuuriga preparaatides: 1) permeabiliseeritud kardiomüotsüütides, kus mitokondrid on regulaarselt organiseeritud; 2) südamelihase fenotüübiga sarnastes kontraheeruvates HL-1 (B HL-1) rakkudes ja 3) HL-1 mittekontraheeruvates (NB HL-1) rakkudes. Nende preparaatide vahel esines suur erinevus mitokondriaalse hingamise regulatsioonis. Selline tulemus näitab raku struktuuri ja funktsiooni vaheliste seoste tähtsust südamelihase rakkudes ning võimaldab paremini mõista protsesse nii terves kui ka patoloogilises südamelihases. Eesti Arst 2008; 87(1):19−2

Formation of highly organized intracellular structure and energy metabolism in cardiac muscle cells during postnatal development of rat heart

AbstractAdult cardiomyocytes have highly organized intracellular structure and energy metabolism whose formation during postnatal development is still largely unclear. Our previous results together with the data from the literature suggest that cytoskeletal proteins, particularly βII-tubulin, are involved in the formation of complexes between mitochondria and energy consumption sites. The aim of this study was to examine the arrangement of intracellular architecture parallel to the alterations in regulation of mitochondrial respiration in rat cardiomyocytes during postnatal development, from 1day to 6months.Respirometric measurements were performed to study the developmental alterations of mitochondrial function. Changes in the mitochondrial arrangement and cytoarchitecture of βII- and αIV-tubulin were examined by confocal microscopy.Our results show that functional maturation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is completed much earlier than efficient feedback regulation is established between mitochondria and ATPases via creatine kinase system. These changes are accompanied by significant remodeling of regular intermyofibrillar mitochondrial arrays aligned along the bundles of βII-tubulin. Additionally, we demonstrate that formation of regular arrangement of mitochondria is not sufficient per se to provide adult-like efficiency in metabolic feed-back regulation, but organized tubulin networks and reduction in mitochondrial outer membrane permeability for ADP are necessary as well. In conclusion, cardiomyocytes in rat heart become mature on the level of intracellular architecture and energy metabolism at the age of 3months

The creatine kinase phosphotransfer network: thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, the impact of the mitochondrial outer membrane and modelling approaches.

International audienceIn this review, we summarize the main structural and functional data on the role of the phosphocreatine (PCr)--creatine kinase (CK) pathway for compartmentalized energy transfer in cardiac cells. Mitochondrial creatine kinase, MtCK, fixed by cardiolipin molecules in the vicinity of the adenine nucleotide translocator, is a key enzyme in this pathway. Direct transfer of ATP and ADP between these proteins has been revealed both in experimental studies on the kinetics of the regulation of mitochondrial respiration and by mathematical modelling as a main mechanism of functional coupling of PCr production to oxidative phosphorylation. In cells in vivo or in permeabilized cells in situ, this coupling is reinforced by limited permeability of the outer membrane of the mitochondria for adenine nucleotides due to the contacts with cytoskeletal proteins. Due to these mechanisms, at least 80% of total energy is exported from mitochondria by PCr molecules. Mathematical modelling of intracellular diffusion and energy transfer shows that the main function of the PCr-CK pathway is to connect different pools (compartments) of ATP and, by this way, to overcome the local restrictions and diffusion limitation of adenine nucleotides due to the high degree of structural organization of cardiac cells

Calcium-induced contraction of sarcomeres changes the regulation of mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized cardiac cells.

International audienceThe relationships between cardiac cell structure and the regulation of mitochondrial respiration were studied by applying fluorescent confocal microscopy and analysing the kinetics of mitochondrial ADP-stimulated respiration, during calcium-induced contraction in permeabilized cardiomyocytes and myocardial fibers, and in their 'ghost' preparations (after selective myosin extraction). Up to 3 microm free calcium, in the presence of ATP, induced strong contraction of permeabilized cardiomyocytes with intact sarcomeres, accompanied by alterations in mitochondrial arrangement and a significant decrease in the apparent K(m) for exogenous ADP and ATP in the kinetics of mitochondrial respiration. The V(max) of respiration showed a moderate (50%) increase, with an optimum at 0.4 microm free calcium and a decrease at higher calcium concentrations. At high free-calcium concentrations, the direct flux of ADP from ATPases to mitochondria was diminished compared to that at low calcium levels. All of these effects were unrelated either to mitochondrial calcium overload or to mitochondrial permeability transition and were not observed in 'ghost' preparations after the selective extraction of myosin. Our results suggest that the structural changes transmitted from contractile apparatus to mitochondria modify localized restrictions of the diffusion of adenine nucleotides and thus may actively participate in the regulation of mitochondrial function, in addition to the metabolic signalling via the creatine kinase system

Structure-function relationships in the regulation of energy transfer between mitochondria and ATPases in cardiac cells

The present study discusses the role of structural organization of cardiac cells in determining the mechanisms of regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and interaction between mitochondria and ATPases. In permeabilized adult cardiomyocytes, the apparent Km (Michaelis-Menten constant) for ADP in the regulation of respiration is far higher than in mitochondria isolated from the myocardium. Respiration of mitochondria in permeabilized cardiomyocytes is effectively activated by endogenous ADP produced by ATPases from exogenous ATP, and the activation of respiration is associated with a decrease in the apparent Km for ATP in the regulation of ATPase activity compared with this parameter in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation. It has also been shown that a large fraction of the endogenous ADP stimulating respiration remains inaccessible for the exogenous ADP trapping system, consisting of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate, unless the mitochondrial structures are modified by controlled proteolysis. These data point to the endogenous cycling of adenine nucleotides between mitochondria and ATPases. Accordingly, the current hypothesis is that in cardiac cells, mitochondria and ATPases are compartmentalized into functional complexes (ie, intracellular energetic units [ICEUs]), which appear to represent a basic pattern of organization of energy metabolism in these cells. Within the ICEUs, the mitochondria and ATPases interact via different routes: creatine kinase-mediated phosphoryltransfer; adenylate kinase-mediated phosphoryltransfer; and direct ATP and ADP channelling. The function of ICEUs changes not only after selective proteolysis, but also during contraction of cardiomyocytes caused by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration up to micromolar levels. In these conditions, the apparent Km for exogenous ADP and ATP in the regulation of respiration markedly decreases, and more ADP becomes available for the exogenous pyruvate kinase-phosphoenolpyruvate system, which indicates altered barrier functions of the ICEUs. Thus, structural changes transmitted from the contractile apparatus to mitochondria clearly participate in the regulation of mitochondrial function due to alterations in localized restriction of the diffusion of adenine nucleotides. The importance of strict structural organization in cardiac cells emerged drastically from experiments in which the regulation of mitochondrial respiration was assessed in a novel cardiac cell line, that is, beating and nonbeating HL-1 cells. In these cells, the mitochondrial arrangement is irregular and dynamic, whereas the sarcomeric structures are either absent (in nonbeating HL-1 cells) or only rarely present (in beating HL-1 cells). In parallel, the apparent Km for exogenous ADP in the regulation of respiration was much lower than that in permeabilized primary cardiomyocytes, and trypsin treatment exerted no impact on the low Km value for ADP, in contrast to adult cardiomyocytes where it caused a marked decrease in this parameter. The HL-1 cells were also characterized by the absence of direct exchange of adenine nucleotides. The results further support the concept that the ICEUs in adult cardiomyocytes are products of complex structural organization developed to create the most optimal conditions for effective energy transfer and feedback between mitochondria and ATPases