Effect of strain on the phase separation and devitrification of the magnetic glass state in thin films of La<SUB>5/8-y</SUB>Pr<SUB>y</SUB>Ca<SUB>3/8</SUB>MnO<SUB>3</SUB> (y= 0.45)

We present our study of the effect of substrate induced strain on La5/8 - yPryCa3/8MnO3 (y = 0.45) thin films grown on LaAlO3, NdGaO3 and SrTiO3 substrates that show large scale phase separation. It is observed that unstrained films grown on NdGaO3 behave quite similarly to bulk material but the strained films grown on SrTiO3 show melting of the insulating phase to the metallic phase at low temperatures. However, the large scale phase separation and metastable glass-like state is observed in all the films despite differences in substrate induced strain. The measurements of resistivity as a function of temperature under a cooling and heating in unequal field (CHUF) protocol elucidate the presence of a glass-like metastable phase generated due to kinetic arrest of the first order transformation in all the films. Like structural glasses, these magnetic glass-like phases show evidence of devitrification of the arrested charge order antiferromagnetic insulator (CO-AFI) phase to the equilibrium ferromagnetic metallic (FMM) phase with isothermal increase of magnetic field and/or iso-field warming. These measurements also clearly show the equilibrium ground state of this system to be FMM and the metastable glass-like phase to be AFI phase

Metal nanoparticles prepared by using plant extracts as reducing agents: A review

80-85The unusual properties of metal nanoparticles make them appropriate for utilization in various areas of optoelectronics, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, etc. They have been synthesized using numerous physical and chemical methods but currently the approach of green synthesis is catching worldwide attention due to being eco-friendlier and economic. In the present study we have prepared Silver (Ag), Iron (Fe), Palladium (Pd) and Zinc (Zn) nanoparticles via the leaves of plants (Melia azedarach, Urtica dioica and Ziziphus jujuba). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Heat treatment was provided to the as synthesized Pd nanoparticles at different temperatures. The XRD pattern of Ag nanoparticles displayed formation of face-centered cubic (FCC) structure and those of Zn nanoparticles and as synthesized Pd nanoparticles showed low crystalline nature. Also, presence of oxides of metals along with the metals was found in the Fe, Zn samples, although Fe nanoparticles displayed crystalline behavior. Significant improvement in crystallinity on heating at 280 &deg;C was shown by Pd nanoparticles, however, partial oxidation of the sample was also noticed in the XRD pattern. SEM images of as synthesized Ag, Fe, Pd and Zn nanoparticles revealed agglomeration, whereas SEM images of Pd nanoparticles heated at 280 &deg;C displayed spherical particles clustered together

Phenomic analysis of chronic granulomatous disease reveals more severe integumentary infections in X-Linked compared with autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease

BACKGROUND : Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inborn error of immunity (IEI), characterised by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. It is inherited either in an Xlinked (XL) or autosomal recessive (AR) mode. Phenome refers to the entire set of phenotypes expressed, and its study allows us to generate new knowledge of the disease. The objective of the study is to reveal the phenomic differences between XL and AR-CGD by using Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms. METHODS : We collected data on 117 patients with genetically diagnosed CGD from Asia and Africa referred to the Asian Primary Immunodeficiency Network (APID network). Only 90 patients with sufficient clinical information were included for phenomic analysis. We used HPO terms to describe all phenotypes manifested in the patients. RESULTS : XL-CGD patients had a lower age of onset, referral, clinical diagnosis, and genetic diagnosis compared with AR-CGD patients. The integument and central nervous system were more frequently affected in XL-CGD patients. Regarding HPO terms, perianal abscess, cutaneous abscess, and elevated hepatic transaminase were correlated with XL-CGD. A higher percentage of XL-CGD patients presented with BCGitis/BCGosis as their first manifestation. Among our CGD patients, lung was the most frequently infected organ, with gastrointestinal system and skin ranking second and third, respectively. Aspergillus species, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacteirum tuberculosis were the most frequent pathogens to be found. CONCLUSION : Phenomic analysis confirmed that XL-CGD patients have more recurrent and aggressive infections compared with AR-CGD patients. Various phenotypic differences listed out can be used as clinical handles to distinguish XL or AR-CGD based on clinical features.The Society for Relief of Disabled Children and Jeffrey Modell Foundation.https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunologydm2022Paediatrics and Child Healt

Targeted gene sanger sequencing should remain the first-tier genetic test for children suspected to have the five common X-linked inborn errors of immunity

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.To address inborn errors of immunity (IEI) which were underdiagnosed in resource-limited regions, our centre developed and offered free genetic testing for the most common IEI by Sanger sequencing (SS) since 2001. With the establishment of The Asian Primary Immunodeficiency (APID) Network in 2009, the awareness and definitive diagnosis of IEI were further improved with collaboration among centres caring for IEI patients from East and Southeast Asia. We also started to use whole exome sequencing (WES) for undiagnosed cases and further extended our collaboration with centres from South Asia and Africa. With the increased use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), we have shifted our diagnostic practice from SS to WES. However, SS was still one of the key diagnostic tools for IEI for the past two decades. Our centre has performed 2,024 IEI SS genetic tests, with in-house protocol designed specifically for 84 genes, in 1,376 patients with 744 identified to have disease-causing mutations (54.1%). The high diagnostic rate after just one round of targeted gene SS for each of the 5 common IEI (X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) 77.4%, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) 69.2%, X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (XCGD) 59.5%, X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) 51.1%, and X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM1) 58.1%) demonstrated targeted gene SS should remain the first-tier genetic test for the 5 common X-linked IEI.The Hong Kong Society for Relief of Disabled Children and Jeffrey Modell Foundation.http://www.frontiersin.org/Immunologyam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Estimation of crop evapotranspiration through spatial distributed crop coefficient in a semi-arid environment

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Assessment of pathogen removal efficiency of vertical flow constructed wetland treating septage

Abstract Septage refers to the semi-liquid waste material that accumulates in septic tanks and other onsite sanitation systems. It is composed of a complex mixture of human excreta, wastewater, and various solid particles. Septage is a potential source of water pollution owing to presence of high organic content, significant pathogen concentrations, and a range of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. The harmful impacts of septage pollution poses significant risks to public health through the contamination of drinking water sources, eutrophication of water bodies and spread of water borne diseases. Conventional septage treatment technologies often face limitations such as high operational costs, energy requirements, and the need for extensive infrastructure. Therefore, with an aim to treat septage through an alternative cost effective and energy-efficient technology, a laboratory-scale constructed wetland (CW) system (0.99 m2) consisting of a sludge drying bed and a vertical flow wetland bed was utilized for the treatment of septage. The sludge drying bed and vertical flow beds were connected in series and filled with a combination of gravel with varying sizes (ranging from 5 to 40 mm) and washed sand. Canna indica plants were cultivated on both beds to facilitate phytoremediation process. The system was operated with intermittent dosing of 30 Ltrs of septage every day for 2 months. The HRT of the system was fixed at 48 h. The average inlet loads of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were measured as 150 ± 65.7 g m−2 day−1, 713 ± 443.9 g m−2 day−1, and 309 ± 66.3 g m−2 day−1, respectively. After treatment, the final effluent had an average load of 6 g m−2 day−1 for BOD5, 15 g m−2 day−1 for COD, and 51 g m−2 day−1 for TSS, indicating that the CW system achieved an average removal efficiency of 88% for BOD, 87% for COD, and 65% for TSS. The average load of total coliforms and helminthes eggs in the influent was recorded as 4 × 108 Colony-Forming Units (CFU) m−2 day−1 and 3 × 107 eggs m−2 day−1, respectively. However, the CW system demonstrated significant effectiveness in reducing microbial contamination, with an average removal efficiency of 99% for both total coliforms and helminthes eggs. The vertical flow constructed wetland system, equipped with pretreatment by sludge drying bed, has proven to be efficient in treatment of septage

IMMUNOMODULATORY NATURAL PRODUCT: REVIEW

Immunomodulation is also known as immune system modulation that is preceding changes the immune response result helps the tissue damage and immoderate response that is obtained by natural and unnatural (human-made) from. The review on an immunomodulatory natural products that is attention on anti-infective treatments for various numbers of justifications. Various traditional natural medicines are used for the immune response directly or indirectly impact antigen through adaptive defense mechanism of the host cell. And there currently various medicinal plants used for anti-effective such as Aloe Vera mill, Panax ginseng, Andrographispaniculata, and Clausenaexcavate that are gives immunomodulatory and anti-infective. Response and these responses have been modulated by using in their past and further developed by research change their modulation effects and many natural phytoconstituents used for immune system modulation and seen their activity on the various disease and effects and action and modulation

Effect Of Withania somnifera Leaf Extracts As Antibacterial Agent Against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

This study was designed to examine the phytochemical composition and to evaluate antibacterial potential of Withania Somnifera leaf against multidrug resistant bacteria &amp; FT-IR Spectra of different bioactive compounds. Toluene, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of W. Somnifera (leaves) were subjected for in vitro antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion against different bacteria of clinical relevance including multi-drug resistant methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) sps.The toluene extract resulted maximal active as antibacterial agent and found significantly higher active than aqueous extract (P&lt;0.05). The difference between antibacterial activities of toluene and ethanol or ethanol and aqueous extract was statistically non significant (P&gt;0.05). The maximum activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus. The extracts (at least one) also showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, coagulase negative staphylococcus, Streptococcus pneumoinae, Shigella dysenteriae, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) sps. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of plant extract were found in the ranges of 0.156mg/ml to 0.625mg/ml for test strains. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of various metabolites like phlobtannins, tannins, steroids and alkaloids which may contribute for the antimicrobial action of leaves extract of W. Somnifera. The partial characterization of the crude extracts by IR spectral analysis revealed the possible presence of different bioactive compounds in the extracts. The leaves of W. Somnifera showed promising antibacterial activity against various clinically important bacteria and multidrug resistant MRSA and VRE.

Case Report: Whole exome sequencing identifies a novel frameshift insertion c.1325dupT (p.F442fsX2) in the tyrosine kinase domain of BTK gene in a young Indian individual with X-linked agammaglobulinemia [version 2; referees: 2 approved]

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an extremely rare inherited primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, decrease in number of mature B cells and low serum immunoglobulins. XLA is caused by mutations in the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase. We report a case of a young Indian boy suspected to have XLA. Immunophenotyping was performed for the affected child using CD20, CD19 and CD3 antibodies. Whole exome sequencing was performed using trio-based approach. The variants were further analyzed using capillary sequencing in the trio as well as maternal grandmother. Initial immunophenotyping in the affected child showed decreased count of CD19+ B cells. To strengthen the clinical findings and confirm the diagnosis of XLA, we performed whole exome sequencing. Our analysis identified a novel frameshift insertion (c.1325dupT) in the BTK gene, which was further validated by Sanger sequencing. Our approach shows the potential in using whole exome sequencing to pinpoint the molecular lesion, enabling timely diagnosis and genetic counseling, and potentially offering prenatal genetic testing for the family