PENGARUH FINGER PAINTING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL KONSEP WARNA PADA ANAK KELOMPOK A

Abstrak   Penelitian Pre-Experimental Design ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji ada atau tidaknya pengaruh finger painting terhadap kemampuan mengenal konsep warna pada anak kelompok A di TK Dharma Wanita Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik. Populasi penelitian ini adalah anak kelompok A di TK Dharma Wanita Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik dengan sampel 13 anak kelompok A. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test dengan rumus Thitung < Ttabel, dengan menggunakan taraf signifikan 5%. Jika Thitung lebih kecil daripada Ttabel, maka Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data diperoleh Thitung = 0 dan Ttabel untuk N= 13 dengan taraf signifikan 5%  diperoleh sebesar 17, maka 0 < 17. Dengan demikian, maka Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima.  Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa finger painting berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan mengenal konsep warna pada anak kelompok A di TK Dharma Wanita Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik. Kata kunci: finger painting, konsep warna.   Abstract Research Pre Experimental Design aims to examine influence of finger painting to the ability of recognizing the concept of color in childhood in group A TK Dharma Wanita Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik. The population is children in group A TK Dharma Wanita  Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik with  a sample of 13 children. Techniques data collection using observation and documentation. Technique of data analysis of this research use wilcoxon match pairs test with formula Tcount < Ttable, with significant level 5%. The result of data analysis shows that Tcount = 0, while Ttable  with N=13 obtained of 17, then 0 < 17. If the price Tcount smaller than Ttable , Ho is rejected and Ha accepted. So,it can be concluded that finger painting is influential on the ability to recognizing of concept color in group A TK Dharma Wanita  Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik. Keywords: finger painting, color concep

PENGARUH FINGER PAINTING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL KONSEP WARNA PADA ANAK KELOMPOK A

Abstrak   Penelitian Pre-Experimental Design ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji ada atau tidaknya pengaruh finger painting terhadap kemampuan mengenal konsep warna pada anak kelompok A di TK Dharma Wanita Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik. Populasi penelitian ini adalah anak kelompok A di TK Dharma Wanita Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik dengan sampel 13 anak kelompok A. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test dengan rumus Thitung < Ttabel, dengan menggunakan taraf signifikan 5%. Jika Thitung lebih kecil daripada Ttabel, maka Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data diperoleh Thitung = 0 dan Ttabel untuk N= 13 dengan taraf signifikan 5%  diperoleh sebesar 17, maka 0 < 17. Dengan demikian, maka Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima.  Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa finger painting berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan mengenal konsep warna pada anak kelompok A di TK Dharma Wanita Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik. Kata kunci: finger painting, konsep warna.   Abstract Research Pre Experimental Design aims to examine influence of finger painting to the ability of recognizing the concept of color in childhood in group A TK Dharma Wanita Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik. The population is children in group A TK Dharma Wanita  Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik with  a sample of 13 children. Techniques data collection using observation and documentation. Technique of data analysis of this research use wilcoxon match pairs test with formula Tcount < Ttable, with significant level 5%. The result of data analysis shows that Tcount = 0, while Ttable  with N=13 obtained of 17, then 0 < 17. If the price Tcount smaller than Ttable , Ho is rejected and Ha accepted. So,it can be concluded that finger painting is influential on the ability to recognizing of concept color in group A TK Dharma Wanita  Krikilan III Driyorejo Gresik. Keywords: finger painting, color concep

Third-Generation cephalosporins (3GC) and Fluoroquinolones (FQ) Co-Resistance in Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) from Clinical and Community Isolates

The growing AMR issue affects the current antimicrobial therapy recommendations, particularly for broad-spectrum antibiotics, like third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) and fluoroquinolones (FQ). Actually, the inappropriate use of both antibiotics in clinical and community settings increase the resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec). Although ESBL-Ec is used as a surveillance indicator of bacterial resistance, but currently studies related to 3GC-FQ co-resistance among clinical and community (including human and wastewater samples) based ESBL-Ec isolation, have not been widely carried out. The objective of this study was to analyze the possibility and mechanism of 3GC-FQ co-resistance among ESBL-Ec, in human clinical and communal isolates from previous published research. Out of 257 articles screened, four studies in accordance with our study are included in the analysis. The result indicated that ESBL-Ec derived from all sample sources had 3GC-FQ co-resistance. According to two studies reviewed, blaCTX-M was the most predominant ESBL gene, while the FQ-associated resistant gene dominated by qnr family genes. Resistant genes and co-resistant ESBL-Ec can be spread rapidly through plasmids

Examination of Acid-Fast Bacilli in Sputum Using Modified Light Microscope with Homemade Light Emitting Diode Additional Attachment

Typical clinical symptoms and chest X-ray is a marker of Tuberculosis (TB) sufferers. However, the diagnosis of TB in adults should be supported by microscopic examination. Currently, Bacilli microscopic examination of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in sputum by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) coloring is the most widely used. However, for reasons of convenience, especially for laboratories with a considerable amount of smear samples, and due to higher sensitivity compared with ZN staining, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the use of auramine-O-staining (fluorochrome  staining), which is visualized by light emitting diode (LED) fluorescence microscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of modified light microscope with homemade LED additional attachment for examination of AFB in sputum using auramine-O-staining method. We compared the sensitivity and specificity of 2 kinds of AFB in sputum methods: ZN and fluorochrome, using culture on Lowenstein-Jensen media as the gold standard. The results showed auramine-O-staining gives more proportion of positive findings (81%) compared to the ZN method (70%). These results demonstrated that the sensitivity of auramine-O-staining was higher than ZN, however it gives more potential false positive results than ZN. The sensitivity of auramine-O-staining in detecting AFB in sputum was 100% while the specificity was 88%

Microscopic Examination of Fecal Leukocytes as a Simple Method to Detecting Infective Colitis in Children

Various pathogenic bacteria are reported as the cause of infectious colitis in children. Infectious colitis does not have a specific sign, therefore an accurate examination is required. The implementation of fecal cultures accompanied with drug resistance tests often have constraints, beside the relatively expensive costs, longer times are needed, and not all health care facilities have required instruments. On the other hand, this condition requires an immediate antibiotic therapy, so that the infection should not be continued. In daily practice, it is not uncommon to find diarrhea with the amount of fecal leukocyte 8. The sensitivity value was 83.3% and the specificity value was 45.1%. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that one child infected  by EPEC was sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Two children infected  by Salmonella, were still sensitive to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, cefixime, and ceftriaxone. Two children infected by C. Difficile were sensitive to ceftriaxone, and 1 child infected by Shigella was sensitive to cefixime, ceftriaxone and ciprofloksazine

The Role of Clinical Sign and The Added Value of Procalcitonin in Determining The Existance of Infection in The Treated Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Introduction. Roles of the IDSA-IWGDF clinical sign in determining the existence of infection in the treated diabetic foot ulcer is unknown, and it has to be modified. Procalcitonin, a marker that specific for bacterial infection, have benefit in diagnosing infection in the diabetic foot ulcer, but its roles and added value to the clinical sign of infection in determining the existence of infection in the treated diabetic foot ulcer is also unknown. This study aims to determine the ability of modified IDSA-IWGDF clinical sign of infection and procalcitonin in determining the existence of infection in the treated diabetic foot ulcer. Methods. Cross-sectional study based on diagnostic research was done in the diabetic patient with infected foot ulcer that had been treated and hospitalized in RSCM between October 2011-April 2012. The modified IDSA-IWGDF clinical sign of infection (pain, erythema, edema, warm sensation) was applied to the patient, and blood serum was taken for procalcitonin. The predictive value of this two marker was then assigned using ROC. AUC and cut off point with the best sensitivity and specificity was determined compared to the gold standard. Results. Among total of 47 subjects enrolled for the trial, 41 subjects with sustained infection of the diabetic foot ulcer were diagnosed based on quantitative measurement of bacteria (bacterial load) from the ulcer tissue (gold standard). Modified IDSA-IWGDF clinical sign of infection has good prediction of infection for treated diabetic foot ulcer, AUC: 0,744 (95% CI 0,576-0,912) with cut off point ≥ 2 clinical sign of infection (Sn: 41,46%; Sp: 100%; PPV: 100%, NPV: 20%). AUC: 0,642 (95% CI 0,404-0,880) was determined for procalcitonin. Conclusions. Modified IDSA-IWGDF clinical sign of infection has good ability in determining the existence of infection in the treated diabetic foot ulcer. Procalcitonin has no benefit yet in determining the existence of infection in the treated diabetic foot ulcer

DETEKSI BRUCELOSIS PADA SUSU SAPI DENGAN UJI POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi brucelosis pada sampel susu sapi dengan uji polymerase chain reaction (PCR) dan membandingkan tingkatsensitivitas dan spesifisitasnya dengan metode milk ring test (MRT). Sebanyak 24 sampel susu sapi yang dikoleksi secara aseptik dari lapang diuji PCR dan MRT. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa 79,17% (19/24) sampel susu positif brucelosis dengan uji PCR dan 83,33% (20/24) dengan uji MRT. Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas PCR mendeteksi brucelosis masing-masing sebesar 75 dan 100% dibandingkan dengan uji MRT

Optimal Amikacin Levels for Patients with Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

Background: Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for sepsis and septic shock. Pharmacokinetic of amikacin can be influenced by septic condition with subsequent effect on its pharmacodynamic. At Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM), Jakarta, adult patients in the ICU were given standard amikacin dose of 1 g/day, however the achievement of optimal plasma level had never been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate whether the optimal plasma level of amikacin was achieved with the use of standard dose in septic conditions. Methods: all septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a national tertiary hospital receiving standard dose of 1g/day IV amikacin during May-September 2015 were included in this study. Information of minimum inhibitory concentration MIC was obtained from microbial culture. Cmax of amikacin was measured 30 minutes after administration and optimal level was calculated. Optimal amikacin level was considered achieved when Cmax/MIC ratio >8. Results: average Cmax achieved for all patients was 86.4 (43.5-238) µg/mL with 87% patients had Cmax of >64 µg/mL.MIC data were available for 7 of 23 patients. MICs for identified pathogens were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL (K. pneumonia), 0.75 - >256 µg/mL(A. baumanii), 1.5 - >256 µg/mL (P. aeruginosa)and 0.75 – 16 µg/mL(E. coli). Four out of seven patients achieved optimal amikacin level. Conclusion: despite high Cmax, only half of the patients achieved optimal amikacin level with highly variable Cmax. This study suggests that measurement of Cmax and MIC are important to optimize septic patients management

Direct PCR: Alternative Diagnostic Method for Diagnosis of Diphtheria Rapidly, Easily and Cost Effective

Some diseases require immediate and appropriate treatment to decrease the fatality risk patients incident, for example diphtheria. Time to help patients is very crucial since delay of therapy may increase the mortality cases up to 20 times. In other hands, conventional diagnostic methods (the gold standard) for diagnosis of diphtheria is time consuming and laborious. Therefore, an alternative diagnostic method which is rapid, easy and inexpensive is needed. In this case, direct PCR has been proved to reduce time and cost in laboratory examination. This study aimed to develop direct PCR as alternative diagnostic method for diagnosis of diphtheria rapidly, easily, and inexpensive. Fifteen samples include 10 isolates of Corynebacterium diphtheriae (toxigenic) and 3 isolates of Corynebacterium non- diphtheriae (nontoxigenic) and 2 clinical specimens (throat swab) was examined by performing direct PCR method and a standard PCR method was used for optimizing the protocols. Result showed that direct PCR can be used to amplify target genes correctly as well as standard PCR. All of C. diphtheriae samples showed bands at 168 bp (dtxR gene marker) and 551 bp (tox gene marker) while no band appeared in others. Direct PCR detected at least 71 CFU/uL of bacterial cells in samples. We concluded that direct PCR can be used for alternative diagnostic method for diagnosis of diphtheria which is rapid, easy and cost effective