Faktor Risiko Prediktor Bakteremia pada Pasien Nekrolisis Epidermal Evidence Based Case Report

Nekrolisis epidermal (NE) yang terbagi atas Sindrom Stevens-Johnson (SSJ) dan nekrolisis epidermal toksik (NET) merupakan reaksi simpang obat berat dengan mortalitas tinggi. Penyebab kematian terbanyak pada NE adalah sepsis, namun gejala sepsis tidak spesifik pada NE dan hasil kultur darah membutuhkan waktu lama. Oleh karena itu penting mengetahui prediktor yang berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan risiko bakteremia pada pasien dengan NE. Evidence-based case report ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor prediktor terjadinya bakteremia pada pasien NE berdasarkan literatur. Pencarian artikel menggunakan basis data PubMed, Cochrane, dan Scopus yang relevan dengan pertanyaan klinis untuk kemudian ditelaah. Didapatkan dua artikel kohort yang sesuai. Studi Koh dkk. mendapatkan tiga prediktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian bakteremia pada pasien NE; yaitu hemoglobin ≤ 10 g/dL (odds ratio [OR] 2,4; interval kepercayaan [IK] 95% 2,2-2,6), luas epidermolisis ≥ 10% (OR 14,3; IK 95% 13,4-15,2) dan penyakit komorbid kardiovaskular (OR 2,1; IK 95% 2,0-2,3). Studi De Prost dkk. mendapatkan tiga prediktor yaitu usia > 40 tahun (hazard ratio [HR] 2,5; IK 95% 1,35-4,63), leukosit > 10.000/mm3 (HR 1,9; IK 95% 0,96-3,61), serta LPB ≥ 30% (HR 2,5; IK 95% 1,13-5,47). Epidermolisis yang lebih luas merupakan faktor prediktor terjadinya bakteremia pada NE di kedua studi. Faktor risiko lainnya memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut.Nekrolisis epidermal (NE) yang terbagi atas sindrom Stevens-Johnson (SSJ) dan nekrolisis epidermal toksik (NET) merupakan reaksi simpang obat berat dengan mortalitas tinggi. Penyebab kematian terbanyak pada NE adalah sepsis, namun gejala sepsis tidak spesifik pada NE dan hasil kultur darah membutuhkan waktu lama. Oleh karena itu penting mengetahui prediktor yang berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan risiko bakteremia pada pasien dengan NE. Evidence based case report ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor prediktor terjadinya bakteremia pada pasien NE berdasarkan literatur. Pencarian artikel menggunakan basis data PubMed, Cochrane, dan Scopus yang relevan dengan pertanyaan klinis untuk kemudian ditelaah. Didapatkan dua artikel kohort yang sesuai. Studi pertama mendapatkan tiga prediktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian bakteremia pada pasien NE yaitu hemoglobin ≤ 10 g/dL, luas epidermolisis permukaan badan ≥ 10% LPB, serta penyakit komorbid kardiovaskular. Studi kedua mendapatkan tiga prediktor yaitu usia > 40, leukosit > 10.000/mm3, serta LPB ≥ 30%. Epidermolisis yang lebih luas merupakan faktor prediktor terjadinya bakteremia pada NE di kedua studi. Faktor prediktor lain memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut

Carbon Dots Synthesis from Soybean with Urea Doped As Sensitive Fe (II) Ion Detection

Synthesis of carbon dots from soybeans with urea doped (N-CDs) has been successfully conducted using the bottom-up approach via the hydrothermal method. The N-CDs showed a dark brown solution, indicating the carbon dots formed. This study analyzed the effect of optical properties before and after Fe (II) ions addition on the sensitivity of N-CDs. N-CDs characterizations were analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL). The results showed that the absorbance spectrum range is from 200 to 600 nm, with its absorbance peak at 290 nm. The band gap energy obtained is 3.32 eV, which indicates that N-CDs are semiconductors. The N-CDs solution resulted in good fluorescence when observed under ultraviolet light (395 nm) and emitted a bright green color. N-CDs' sensitivity when sensing Fe (II) ions with a minimum Limit of Detection (LOD) is as low as 5.7 nM. Thus, N-CDs can be used as biosensors with an easy and environmentally friendly method

Carbon Dots Synthesis from Soybean with Urea Doped As Sensitive Fe (II) Ion Detection

Synthesis of carbon dots from soybeans with urea doped (N-CDs) has been successfully conducted using the bottom-up approach via the hydrothermal method. The N-CDs showed a dark brown solution, indicating the carbon dots formed. This study analyzed the effect of optical properties before and after Fe (II) ions addition on the sensitivity of N-CDs. N-CDs characterizations were analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL). The results showed that the absorbance spectrum range is from 200 to 600 nm, with its absorbance peak at 290 nm. The band gap energy obtained is 3.32 eV, which indicates that N-CDs are semiconductors. The N-CDs solution resulted in good fluorescence when observed under ultraviolet light (395 nm) and emitted a bright green color. N-CDs' sensitivity when sensing Fe (II) ions with a minimum Limit of Detection (LOD) is as low as 5.7 nM. Thus, N-CDs can be used as biosensors with an easy and environmentally friendly method

Relationship Between Salted Fish Consumption and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: An Evidence-based Case Report

Aim: to know the relationship between salted fish consumption and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: we searched for the articles from PubMed® and ScienceDirect® based on our clinical question. After filtered with our in- and exclusion criteria, we had six articles about this topic, all of them were case-control studies. All articles were then critically appraised for their validity, importance, and applicability. Results: there was no consistent relationship between salted fish consumption and NPC. Worth to note that those studies wo showed the firm relationship were conducted in Southern China, where the incidence of NPC was extremely high and related to specific Chineese-style salted fish consumption. Conclusion: there was an inconsistent relationship between salted fish consumption and NPC.Key words: salted fish, risk factor, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

PERAN PERASAAN KEWARGAAN DAN DECISION FATIGUE DALAM MEMPREDIKSIKAN APATISME POLITIK PADA MAHASISWA

PERAN PERASAAN KEWARGAAN DAN DECISION FATIGUE DALAM MEMPREDIKSIKAN APATISME POLITIK PADA MAHASISWA

Pra-Desain Pabrik Natrium Bikarbonat (NaHCO3) dengan Proses Karbonasi

Natrium bikarbonat (baking soda) adalah senyawa kimia dengan rumus NaHCO3 yang memiliki banyak aplikasi di berbagai industri, antara lain industri pakan, makanan, farmasi, kimia, flue gas treatment, dan lainnya. Di antara berbagai banyak segmen yang menggunakan natrium bikarbonat, segmen farmasi bernilai lebih dari USD 160 juta pada tahun 2018 dan kemungkinan akan tumbuh dengan laju yang substansial di tahun mendatang. Produk farmasi berbahan dasar natrium bikarbonat digunakan untuk pengobatan asidosis metabolik dan ini dapat terjadi pada penyakit ginjal yang parah, diabetes yang tidak terkontrol, insufisiensi peredaran darah. Ketersediaan dengan harga murah dan sifat natrium bikarbonat yang unggul membuatnya ideal untuk aplikasi farmasi. Sehingga, jenis natrium bikarbonat yang akan diproduksi pada pabrik ini adalah natrium bikarbonat pharmaceutical grade. Proses yang digunakan pada pabrik ini adalah proses karbonasi. Pabrik natrium bikarbonat akan beroperasi pada tahun 2025, dengan masa konstruksi selama 2 tahun (2023-2025). Lokasi pabrik direncanakan di Gresik, Jawa Timur. Bahan baku yang digunakan pada proses produksi natrium bikarbonat adalah natrium karbonat, yang diperoleh melalui impor dari Rongda Chemical Co yang berlokasi di China. Gas karbondioksida, yang diperoleh dari PT Petrokimia Gresik, dan bahan baku penunjang berupa natrium bikarbonat, yang akan menggunakan hasil produksi dari pabrik ini sendiri. Kapasitas produksi pabrik sebesar 100.000 ton/tahun. Penentuan kapasitas ini didasarkan oleh jumlah bahan baku yang tersedia. Untuk memenuhi kapasitas tahunan, pabrik akan broperasi secara kontinyu selama 330 hari/tahun. Untuk mengetahui kelayakan pra desain pabrik ini, dilakukan analisa ekonomi yang meliputi perhitungan Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Pay Out Time (POT), dan Analisa Sensitivitas terhadap IRR. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, NPV yang diperoleh sebesar Rp 3.289.227.652.400,26. Nilai menunjukkan hasil positif, atau NPV > 0, artinya Pabrik Natrium Bikarbonat ini dapat dikatakan layak untuk didirikan. ================================================================================================= Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 which has many applications in various industries, including the feed, food, pharmaceutical, chemical, flue gas treatment industries, and others. Among the many segments that use sodium bicarbonate, the pharmaceutical segment was valued at over USD 160 million in 2018 and is likely to grow at a substantial rate in the coming year. Sodium bicarbonate based pharmaceutical products are used for the treatment of metabolic acidosis and this can occur in severe kidney disease, uncontrolled diabetes, circulatory insufficiency. Its low cost availability and superior properties of sodium bicarbonate make it ideal for pharmaceutical applications. Thus, the type of sodium bicarbonate that will be produced in this plant is pharmaceutical grade sodium bicarbonate. The process used in this plant is the carbonation process. The sodium bicarbonate plant will be operated in 2025, with a construction period of 2 years (2023-2025). The location of the plant is planned in Gresik, East Java. The raw material used in the sodium bicarbonate production process is sodium carbonate, which is imported from Rongda Chemical Co, located in China. Carbon dioxide gas, obtained from PT Petrokimia Gresik, and supporting raw materials in the form of sodium bicarbonate, will use the production from this plant itself. The production capacity of the plant is 100,000 tons/year. Determination of this capacity is based on the amount of raw materials available. To reach the capacity per year, the plant will be operated continuously for 330 days/year. To determine the feasibility of the pre-design of this factory, an economic analysis was carried out which included the calculation of Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Pay Out Time (POT), and Sensitivity Analysis to IRR. Based on the calculation results, the NPV obtained is Rp. 3,289,227,652,400.26. The value shows a positive result, or NPV > 0, meaning that this Sodium Bicarbonate Plant can be said to be feasible to establish

Relationship Between Salted Fish Consumption and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: An Evidence-based Case Report

Aim: to know the relationship between salted fish consumption and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: we searched for the articles from PubMed® and ScienceDirect® based on our clinical question. After filtered with our in- and exclusion criteria, we had six articles about this topic, all of them were case-control studies. All articles were then critically appraised for their validity, importance, and applicability. Results: there was no consistent relationship between salted fish consumption and NPC. Worth to note that those studies wo showed the firm relationship were conducted in Southern China, where the incidence of NPC was extremely high and related to specific Chineese-style salted fish consumption. Conclusion: there was an inconsistent relationship between salted fish consumption and NPC. Key words: salted fish, risk factor, nasopharyngeal carcinoma