Evidence for Archaean lamprophyre from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa

A suite of mafic dykes occurs as a late component in a wellcharacterized trondhjemite–tonalite–diorite–granodiorite assemblage in the Johannesburg Dome of the central Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. The dykes have been subdivided into two sets, based on their orientation, and major and trace element geochemistry. Set 1 dykes are characterized by elevated SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2, and particularly by enriched LILE and HSFE (e.g. Zr > 200 ppm, Nb > 20 ppm, Ba > 300 ppm), higher than in any of the accompanying felsic rocks. REE and trace element values for Set 1 dykes are similar to those for calc-alkaline lamprophyres. The Set 2 dykes have similar trace element distributions, but are significantly less enriched in general, and are broadly tholeiitic in composition, with enriched MgO (>11 wt. percentage) indicative of an olivine–phyric tholeiitic basaltic protolith. Field relationships and available U–Pb zircon geochronology indicate that the dykes are contemporaneous with components of the trondhjemitic host rocks, and with late granodiorites. The geochemical, geochronological and field petrological setting indicates partial melting of basaltic and eclogitic lithosphere at c. 3120 Myr ago in the basal Kaapvaal Craton, and subsequent emplacement into pre-existing c. 3430 Myr tonalitic to dioritic crust

Evidence for Archaean lamprophyre from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa

A suite of mafic dykes occurs as a late component in a wellcharacterized trondhjemite–tonalite–diorite–granodiorite assemblage in the Johannesburg Dome of the central Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. The dykes have been subdivided into two sets, based on their orientation, and major and trace element geochemistry. Set 1 dykes are characterized by elevated SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2, and particularly by enriched LILE and HSFE (e.g. Zr > 200 ppm, Nb > 20 ppm, Ba > 300 ppm), higher than in any of the accompanying felsic rocks. REE and trace element values for Set 1 dykes are similar to those for calc-alkaline lamprophyres. The Set 2 dykes have similar trace element distributions, but are significantly less enriched in general, and are broadly tholeiitic in composition, with enriched MgO (>11 wt. percentage) indicative of an olivine–phyric tholeiitic basaltic protolith. Field relationships and available U–Pb zircon geochronology indicate that the dykes are contemporaneous with components of the trondhjemitic host rocks, and with late granodiorites. The geochemical, geochronological and field petrological setting indicates partial melting of basaltic and eclogitic lithosphere at c. 3120 Myr ago in the basal Kaapvaal Craton, and subsequent emplacement into pre-existing c. 3430 Myr tonalitic to dioritic crust

Physicochemical conditions and timing of rodingite formation: evidence from rodingite-hosted fluid inclusions in the JM Asbestos mine, Asbestos, Québec

Fluid inclusions and geological relationships indicate that rodingite formation in the Asbestos ophiolite, Québec, occurred in two, or possibly three, separate episodes during thrusting of the ophiolite onto the Laurentian margin, and that it involved three fluids. The first episode of rodingitization, which affected diorite, occurred at temperatures of between 290 and 360°C and pressures of 2.5 to 4.5 kbar, and the second episode, which affected granite and slate, occurred at temperatures of between 325 and 400°C and pressures less than 3 kbar. The fluids responsible for these episodes of alteration were moderately to strongly saline (~1.5 to 6.3 m eq. NaCl), rich in divalent cations and contained appreciable methane. A possible third episode of alteration is suggested by primary fluid inclusions in vesuvianite-rich bodies and secondary inclusions in other types of rodingite, with significantly lower trapping temperatures, salinity and methane content. The association of the aqueous fluids with hydrocarbon-rich fluids containing CH4 and higher order alkanes, but no CO2, suggests strongly that the former originated from the serpentinites. The similarities in the composition of the fluids in all rock types indicate that the ophiolite had already been thrust onto the slates when rodingitization occurred

Making it thick : a volcanic plateau origin of Palaeoarchean continental lithosphere of the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons

How and when continents grew and plate tectonics started on Earth remain poorly constrained. Most researchers apply the modern plate tectonic paradigm to problems of ancient crustal formation, but these are unsatisfactory because diagnostic criteria and actualistic plate configurations are lacking. Here, we show that 3.5-3.2 Ga continental nuclei in the Pilbara Craton, Australia, and the eastern Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa, formed as thick volcanic plateaux built on a substrate of older continental lithosphere and did not accrete through horizontal tectonic processes. These nuclei survived because of the contemporaneous development of buoyant, nonsubductable mantle roots. This plateau-type of Archean continental crust is distinct from, but complementary to, Archean gneiss terranes formed over shallowly dipping zones of intraoceanic underplating (proto-subduction) on a vigorously convecting early Earth with smaller plates and primitive plate tectonics.29 page(s