Política pública de alimentação escolar brasileira: quais foram os caminhos trilhados?

O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) é uma política pública que regulamenta o atendimento da alimentação escolar no Brasil. O Programa tem como propósito a oferta adequada em quantidade e qualidade de alimentação escolar e a promoção de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional. O objetivo do estudo é revisar a literatura sobre a trajetória histórica da alimentação escolar no Brasil. Para isso, foi realizado um levantamento sistemático de artigos científicos e documentos oficiais, como legislações no site do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação e do Governo Federal. Filtrou-se por artigos originais, na língua portuguesa, inglesa ou espanhola, sem recorte temporal. As palavras-chave utilizadas na busca foram: “alimentação escolar” e “Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar”. Foram selecionados todos os estudos que se enquadravam na proposta temática. Encontrou-se que a criação e expansão do PNAE estão relacionadas à conjuntura econômica, social e, principalmente, política do país. Historicamente, as refeições escolares foram introduzidas como estratégia de apoio político, inicialmente conhecida como merenda escolar. Atualmente, a alimentação é compreendida como uma ferramenta pedagógica e um direito dos estudantes da educação básica pública, essencial para garantir a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional

Validation of the illustrated questionnaire on food consumption for Brazilian schoolchildren (QUACEB) for 6- to 10-year-old children

IntroductionEvaluating the food consumption of school-aged children is crucial to monitor their dietary habits, promote targeted interventions, and contribute public policies that aimed healthy eating. In this context, our objective was to develop and validate the Illustrated Questionnaire on Food Consumption for Brazilian Schoolchildren (QUACEB) of 6 to 10 years old, which is a self-reported illustrated recall.MethodsValidity was obtained in four stages as follows: selection of foods, validation of items, validation of illustrations, and pretest. Foods were selected by considering the data from the main surveys that have been conducted with the Brazilian population and schoolchildren in recent years, the degree of food processing, and the main foods from each of the country's five macroregions. The content of the items was validated by comparing the children's and their parent's responses. For this, the questionnaire was published in an online format, and 6- to 10-year-old elementary schoolchildren were recruited using the snowball technique. The first part of the questionnaire was answered by the parent after the child's lunch, and the second was completed by the child the following day. Thirty-two parent and child dyads participated. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and kappa (k) tests were performed.ResultsOf the 30 foods presented on the questionnaire, 15 were reported as consumed. High sensitivity (mean of 88.5%), high specificity (average of 92.0%), substantial agreement (k = 0.78), low disagreement (6.2%), and AUC of 0.90 were found. The illustrations were validated in a focus group with fourth-grade children from a school chosen for convenience. The food illustrations were designed for children, who were asked to name the food. Eighteen children participated and verified that the images were representative of the foods. In the pretest, three schools were chosen for convenience that announced the link to the online questionnaire in WhatsApp groups of parents with students from first to fifth grade. Fifteen children answered the questionnaire and 86.7% (n = 13) judged it excellent or good.ConclusionThus, the food consumption questionnaire is valid for elementary schoolchildren of 6 to 10 years old and can be applied in research to assess the dietary patterns of children in Brazil

Atuação do nutricionista no Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar em municípios goianos

Objetivo: verificar a atuação do nutricionista no Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar em municípios goianos, em atendimento a Resolução CFN nº 465 de 2010. Método: estudo transversal conduzido pelo Centro Colaborador em Alimentação e Nutrição do Escolar, da Universidade Federal de Goiás. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de questionário com nutricionistas responsáveis técnicos pelo Programa. Realizou-se a análise descritiva e o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, para verificar a associação entre atividades estabelecidas pela normativa vigente e tempo de atuação no PNAE. Resultados: Observou-se que a maioria dos nutricionistas atuava em apenas um município, com tempo maior que dois anos na alimentação escolar, e cumpria uma carga horária semanal média de 21±17,9h. Embora grande parte dos entrevistados conhecessem a Resolução do Conselho Profissional, cumpriam parcialmente suas atribuições obrigatórias, alegando carga horária insuficiente. A relação inadequada entre número de profissionais para quantitativo de estudantes e vínculo trabalhista não favorecia a adesão ao Programa. Conclusão: Esse estudo evidenciou a necessidade de melhores condições de trabalho para cumprimento dos aspectos legais, visto que a atuação do nutricionista na alimentação escolar é imprescindível para a promoção da alimentação saudável e segurança alimentar e nutricional no ambiente escolar

Condições higiênicossanitárias de unidades de alimentação e nutrição de escolas participantes do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar: qual a realidade em Goiás?

Introduction: In order to offer safe meals to students, recommended by the Brazilian School Feeding Program (PNAE, in Portuguese), an adequate hygienic-sanitary condition of “Units of Food and Nutrition” is necessary. Objective: To evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the “Units of Food and Nutrition” at schools participating in the BrazilianSchool Feeding Program in municipalities in Goiás, as well as to verify possible associations with municipal indexes, school characteristics and supervision by a nutritionist. Method: Cross-sectional study, carried out between 2017 and 2019, with a sample of 395 schools, from 103 municipalities in Goiás. The hygienic-sanitary conditions were collected by nutritionists, through a checklist based on Anvisa’s RDC nº 216/2004 and municipal indexes of human development and basic education in public databases. The school’s characteristics and the existence of supervision by a nutritionist were asked to school directors. Descriptive analysis of the checklist items and hypothesis and correlation tests were performed. Results: Most units (69.4%) were classified as having regular health risk, according to the checklist. Significant differences were obtained between municipal and state schools (p = 0.02); difference of northern mesoregion from the others (p = 0.00) and low Human Development Index of the other categories (p = 0.02) were observed. Furthermore, the high Basic Education DevelopmentIndex (5th grade) was associated with a very low health risk (p = 0.04). Conclusions: It is inferred that there is a need for corrective measures. Manuals of good practices should be implemented, along with training of handlers, ongoing supervision by the nutritionist and the School Feeding Council, and investment in management with a view to the Food and Nutritional Security of schoolchildren.Introdução: Para a oferta de refeições seguras aos estudantes, preconizado pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, se faz necessária uma condição higiênicossanitária adequada da Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição. Objetivo: Avaliar as condições higiênicossanitárias das Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição de escolas participantes do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar em municípios goianos, bem como verificar possíveis associações com: índices municipais, características da escola e supervisão de nutricionista. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado entre 2017 e 2019, com amostra de 395 escolas, de 103 municípios de Goiás. As condições higiênicossanitárias foram verificadas por nutricionistas, por meio de um checklist baseado na RDC nº 216, de 15 de setembro de 2004 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária e nos índices municipais de desenvolvimento humano e da educação básica em base de dados públicas. As características da escola e o recebimento de supervisão foram perguntados aos diretores escolares. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos itens do checklist e testes de hipóteses e correlação. Resultados: A maioria das unidades (69,4%) foi classificada como de risco sanitário regular, de acordo com o checklist. Obteve-se diferenças significativas entre: as escolas municipais e estaduais (p = 0,02); a mesorregião Norte das outras (p = 0,00) e o baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano das demais categorias (p = 0,02). Ademais, o alto Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (5º ano) apresentou uma associação com o muito baixo risco sanitário (p = 0,04). Conclusões: Infere-se que há necessidade de medidas corretivas. Sugere-se a implementação de manuais de boas práticas; a formação de manipuladores; a supervisão contínua do nutricionista e do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar; e o investimento da gestão com vistas à Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional dos escolares

Consumption of ultra-processed foods and low dietary diversity are associated with sedentary and unhealthy eating behaviors: A nationwide study with Brazilian Schoolchildren.

BackgroundConsumption of ultra-processed foods and low dietary diversity are risk factors for chronic diseases.AimTo evaluate the association between food consumption and sedentary and unhealthy eating behaviors of Brazilian schoolchildren between 6 and 11 years old.MethodsCross-sectional study. A prevalence sample was calculated considering the number of children enrolled in elementary school. This sample was distributed proportionally to Brazil's macro-regions and the type of school (public or private). The questionnaire was developed in Google Forms and disseminated through the snowball technique. The questionnaire was filled in by the children's parents, with information about the child's identification and health. Afterward, the child completed a questionnaire by her/himself. We used the previously validated Illustrated Questionnaire on Food Consumption for Brazilian Schoolchildren and the Illustrated Questionnaire on Eating and Sedentary Behaviors. Food consumption was analyzed using the NOVA score and the dietary diversity score. Poisson's regression with robust variance was performed (pResultsThe study included 2,021 dyads. Of these, 27.6% of children reported eating five or more ultra-processed foods and 39.0% four or fewer natural or staple foods the previous day. Using screens, proxy of sedentary behavior (Prevalence Ratio-PR = 1.8, Confidence Interval-CI95%1.2-2.8) and eating at irregular hours (PR = 1.6, CI95%1.2-2.2) were risk factors for high consumption of ultra-processed foods and low dietary diversity in schoolchildren. In addition, eating the three main meals on the previous day (PR = 0.6, CI95%0.4-0.8) was identified as protective factors against the consumption of ultra-processed foods and in favor of dietary diversity among schoolchildren.ConclusionSedentary and unhealthy eating behaviors were associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods and low dietary diversity in Brazilian schoolchildren

Validation of the illustrated questionnaire on food consumption for Brazilian schoolchildren (QUACEB) for 6- to 10-year-old children

Introduction: Evaluating the food consumption of school-aged children is crucial to monitor their dietary habits, promote targeted interventions, and contribute public policies that aimed healthy eating. In this context, our objective was to develop and validate the Illustrated Questionnaire on Food Consumption for Brazilian Schoolchildren (QUACEB) of 6 to 10 years old, which is a self-reported illustrated recall. Methods: Validity was obtained in four stages as follows: selection of foods, validation of items, validation of illustrations, and pretest. Foods were selected by considering the data from the main surveys that have been conducted with the Brazilian population and schoolchildren in recent years, the degree of food processing, and the main foods from each of the country’s five macroregions. The content of the items was validated by comparing the children’s and their parent’s responses. For this, the questionnaire was published in an online format, and 6- to 10-year-old elementary schoolchildren were recruited using the snowball technique. The first part of the questionnaire was answered by the parent after the child’s lunch, and the second was completed by the child the following day. Thirty-two parent and child dyads participated. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and kappa (k) tests were performed. Results: Of the 30 foods presented on the questionnaire, 15 were reported as consumed. High sensitivity (mean of 88.5%), high specificity (average of 92.0%), substantial agreement (k = 0.78), low disagreement (6.2%), and AUC of 0.90 were found. The illustrations were validated in a focus group with fourth-grade children from a school chosen for convenience. The food illustrations were designed for children, who were asked to name the food. Eighteen children participated and verified that the images were representative of the foods. In the pretest, three schools were chosen for convenience that announced the link to the online questionnaire in WhatsApp groups of parents with students from first to fifth grade. Fifteen children answered the questionnaire and 86.7% (n = 13) judged it excellent or good. Conclusion: Thus, the food consumption questionnaire is valid for elementary schoolchildren of 6 to 10 years old and can be applied in research to assess the dietary patterns of children in Brazil.Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FS)Departamento de Nutrição (FS NUT)Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição Human

Data_Sheet_6_Validation of the illustrated questionnaire on food consumption for Brazilian schoolchildren (QUACEB) for 6- to 10-year-old children.PDF

IntroductionEvaluating the food consumption of school-aged children is crucial to monitor their dietary habits, promote targeted interventions, and contribute public policies that aimed healthy eating. In this context, our objective was to develop and validate the Illustrated Questionnaire on Food Consumption for Brazilian Schoolchildren (QUACEB) of 6 to 10 years old, which is a self-reported illustrated recall.MethodsValidity was obtained in four stages as follows: selection of foods, validation of items, validation of illustrations, and pretest. Foods were selected by considering the data from the main surveys that have been conducted with the Brazilian population and schoolchildren in recent years, the degree of food processing, and the main foods from each of the country's five macroregions. The content of the items was validated by comparing the children's and their parent's responses. For this, the questionnaire was published in an online format, and 6- to 10-year-old elementary schoolchildren were recruited using the snowball technique. The first part of the questionnaire was answered by the parent after the child's lunch, and the second was completed by the child the following day. Thirty-two parent and child dyads participated. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and kappa (k) tests were performed.ResultsOf the 30 foods presented on the questionnaire, 15 were reported as consumed. High sensitivity (mean of 88.5%), high specificity (average of 92.0%), substantial agreement (k = 0.78), low disagreement (6.2%), and AUC of 0.90 were found. The illustrations were validated in a focus group with fourth-grade children from a school chosen for convenience. The food illustrations were designed for children, who were asked to name the food. Eighteen children participated and verified that the images were representative of the foods. In the pretest, three schools were chosen for convenience that announced the link to the online questionnaire in WhatsApp groups of parents with students from first to fifth grade. Fifteen children answered the questionnaire and 86.7% (n = 13) judged it excellent or good.ConclusionThus, the food consumption questionnaire is valid for elementary schoolchildren of 6 to 10 years old and can be applied in research to assess the dietary patterns of children in Brazil.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Validation of the illustrated questionnaire on food consumption for Brazilian schoolchildren (QUACEB) for 6- to 10-year-old children.PDF

IntroductionEvaluating the food consumption of school-aged children is crucial to monitor their dietary habits, promote targeted interventions, and contribute public policies that aimed healthy eating. In this context, our objective was to develop and validate the Illustrated Questionnaire on Food Consumption for Brazilian Schoolchildren (QUACEB) of 6 to 10 years old, which is a self-reported illustrated recall.MethodsValidity was obtained in four stages as follows: selection of foods, validation of items, validation of illustrations, and pretest. Foods were selected by considering the data from the main surveys that have been conducted with the Brazilian population and schoolchildren in recent years, the degree of food processing, and the main foods from each of the country's five macroregions. The content of the items was validated by comparing the children's and their parent's responses. For this, the questionnaire was published in an online format, and 6- to 10-year-old elementary schoolchildren were recruited using the snowball technique. The first part of the questionnaire was answered by the parent after the child's lunch, and the second was completed by the child the following day. Thirty-two parent and child dyads participated. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and kappa (k) tests were performed.ResultsOf the 30 foods presented on the questionnaire, 15 were reported as consumed. High sensitivity (mean of 88.5%), high specificity (average of 92.0%), substantial agreement (k = 0.78), low disagreement (6.2%), and AUC of 0.90 were found. The illustrations were validated in a focus group with fourth-grade children from a school chosen for convenience. The food illustrations were designed for children, who were asked to name the food. Eighteen children participated and verified that the images were representative of the foods. In the pretest, three schools were chosen for convenience that announced the link to the online questionnaire in WhatsApp groups of parents with students from first to fifth grade. Fifteen children answered the questionnaire and 86.7% (n = 13) judged it excellent or good.ConclusionThus, the food consumption questionnaire is valid for elementary schoolchildren of 6 to 10 years old and can be applied in research to assess the dietary patterns of children in Brazil.</p

Data_Sheet_4_Validation of the illustrated questionnaire on food consumption for Brazilian schoolchildren (QUACEB) for 6- to 10-year-old children.PDF

IntroductionEvaluating the food consumption of school-aged children is crucial to monitor their dietary habits, promote targeted interventions, and contribute public policies that aimed healthy eating. In this context, our objective was to develop and validate the Illustrated Questionnaire on Food Consumption for Brazilian Schoolchildren (QUACEB) of 6 to 10 years old, which is a self-reported illustrated recall.MethodsValidity was obtained in four stages as follows: selection of foods, validation of items, validation of illustrations, and pretest. Foods were selected by considering the data from the main surveys that have been conducted with the Brazilian population and schoolchildren in recent years, the degree of food processing, and the main foods from each of the country's five macroregions. The content of the items was validated by comparing the children's and their parent's responses. For this, the questionnaire was published in an online format, and 6- to 10-year-old elementary schoolchildren were recruited using the snowball technique. The first part of the questionnaire was answered by the parent after the child's lunch, and the second was completed by the child the following day. Thirty-two parent and child dyads participated. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and kappa (k) tests were performed.ResultsOf the 30 foods presented on the questionnaire, 15 were reported as consumed. High sensitivity (mean of 88.5%), high specificity (average of 92.0%), substantial agreement (k = 0.78), low disagreement (6.2%), and AUC of 0.90 were found. The illustrations were validated in a focus group with fourth-grade children from a school chosen for convenience. The food illustrations were designed for children, who were asked to name the food. Eighteen children participated and verified that the images were representative of the foods. In the pretest, three schools were chosen for convenience that announced the link to the online questionnaire in WhatsApp groups of parents with students from first to fifth grade. Fifteen children answered the questionnaire and 86.7% (n = 13) judged it excellent or good.ConclusionThus, the food consumption questionnaire is valid for elementary schoolchildren of 6 to 10 years old and can be applied in research to assess the dietary patterns of children in Brazil.</p

Table_1_Validation of the illustrated questionnaire on food consumption for Brazilian schoolchildren (QUACEB) for 6- to 10-year-old children.XLSX

IntroductionEvaluating the food consumption of school-aged children is crucial to monitor their dietary habits, promote targeted interventions, and contribute public policies that aimed healthy eating. In this context, our objective was to develop and validate the Illustrated Questionnaire on Food Consumption for Brazilian Schoolchildren (QUACEB) of 6 to 10 years old, which is a self-reported illustrated recall.MethodsValidity was obtained in four stages as follows: selection of foods, validation of items, validation of illustrations, and pretest. Foods were selected by considering the data from the main surveys that have been conducted with the Brazilian population and schoolchildren in recent years, the degree of food processing, and the main foods from each of the country's five macroregions. The content of the items was validated by comparing the children's and their parent's responses. For this, the questionnaire was published in an online format, and 6- to 10-year-old elementary schoolchildren were recruited using the snowball technique. The first part of the questionnaire was answered by the parent after the child's lunch, and the second was completed by the child the following day. Thirty-two parent and child dyads participated. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and kappa (k) tests were performed.ResultsOf the 30 foods presented on the questionnaire, 15 were reported as consumed. High sensitivity (mean of 88.5%), high specificity (average of 92.0%), substantial agreement (k = 0.78), low disagreement (6.2%), and AUC of 0.90 were found. The illustrations were validated in a focus group with fourth-grade children from a school chosen for convenience. The food illustrations were designed for children, who were asked to name the food. Eighteen children participated and verified that the images were representative of the foods. In the pretest, three schools were chosen for convenience that announced the link to the online questionnaire in WhatsApp groups of parents with students from first to fifth grade. Fifteen children answered the questionnaire and 86.7% (n = 13) judged it excellent or good.ConclusionThus, the food consumption questionnaire is valid for elementary schoolchildren of 6 to 10 years old and can be applied in research to assess the dietary patterns of children in Brazil.</p